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lIlllllililliUnilliliiKl'iiill'lil"" 

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RC261  .W15  Cancer  and  sarcoma; 


RECAP 


Cancer  and  Sarcoma 


A  SERIES  OF  EXPERIMENTS 
COMPRISING  SEVEN  YEARS 
OF  RESEARCH  WORK.  MADE 
FOR  THE  PURPOSE  OF  DE- 
TERMINING THE  ORIGIN 
AND  CAUSE  OF  CANCER 
AND  SARCOMA.  THEIR 
METHODS  OF  PROPAGA- 
TION  AND  MEANS  OF 
PREVENTION. 


By  H.  D.  WALKER,  M.  D. 

BUFFALO,  NEW  YORK 


This  work  was  done  at  my  Laboratory  at  Newburg.  New  York 


With  Compliments  of  the  Author 


College  of  ^Ijpsfidang  anb  ^urgeonjs 
Hibrarp 


Cancer  and  Sarcoma 

A  SERIES  OF  EXPERIMENTS 
COMPRISING  SEVEN  YEARS 
OF  RESEARCH  WORK.  MADE 
FOR  THE  PURPOSE  OF  DE- 
TERMINING   THE    ORIGIN 
AND    CAUSE    OF    CANCER 
AND     SARCOMA.     THEIR 
METHODS     O  F     PROPAGA- 
TION    AND     MEANS     OF 
PREVENTION. 

By  H.  D.  WALKER,  M.  D. 

BUFFALO,  NEW  YORK 

This  work  was  done  at  my  Laboratory  at  Newburg,  New  York 

c 


vv 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2010  with  funding  from 

Open  Knowledge  Commons 


http://www.archive.org/details/cancersarcomaserOOwalk 


Cancer  and  Sarcoma 

A    SERIES     OF    EXPERIMENTS    COMPRISING    SEVEN    YEARS    OF    RESEARCH 

WORK,   MADE    FOR    THE  PURPOSE  OF    DETERMINING    THE    ORIGIN 

AND    CAUSE    OF    CANCER    AND    SARCOMA,    THEIR    METHODS 

OF     PROPAGATION     AND     MEANS     OF     PREVENTION. 

By  H.  D.  WALKER,  M.  D.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

( This  -work  was  do7te  at  my  LaboratoryTat  Newburg,  N.  Y.) 


CHE  subject  of  Cancer  and  Sarcoma  is  one  of  the  greatest 
importance  to  mankind.  Thousands  die  each  year,  a 
lingering,  cruel  death,  from  the  ravages  of  these  ene- 
mies, whose  orgin  has  hitherto  been  unknown. 

It  seemed  a  great  undertaking  to  attempt  to  v^^rest  from 
nature  this  secret,  which  has  so  long  been  sought  after  by 
every  method  w^hich  Science  and  the  most  learned  men  could 
devise.  However,  in  looking  about  for  some  subject  in  Natural 
History,  which  I  could  investigate  by  the  aid  of  the  microscope, 
I  could  find  nothing  which  seemed  so  attractive  to  me  and  of 
greater  importance  to  mankind,  than  the  subject  of  malignant 
disease. 

In  thirty-five  years  of  active  practice  in  Western  New  York, 
I  have  treated  many  of  these  cases  for  which  scarcely  a  hope  re- 
mained, w^hen  the  nature  of  the  malady  became  knowTi.  Statistics 
show  that  it  is  increasing  rapidly,  but,  heretofore,  we  could  give 
no  reason  for  its  greater  prevalence.  I  never  gave  any  attention 
to  the  manner  in  which  these  diseases  were  contracted,  until  I 
took  up  this  investigation,  about  the  1st  of  June,  1901. 

In  reviewing  the  latest  literature  on  the  subject,  to  which  I 
had  access,  I  was  particularly  impressed  with  Behla's  observa- 
tion in  the  town  of  Luckau,  Germany.  This  town  has  a  central 
portion  containing  about  3,000  inhabitants,  with  two  suburbs, 
one  on  the  East  called  Kalau  and  one  on  the  West,  Sando,  each 
having  a  population  of  about  1,000,  the  population  of  the 
whole  town  being  about  5,000.  In  twenty-two  and  one-half 
years,  from  1875  to  1898,  there  was  not  a  case  of  cancer  in  the 
Western  suburb,  Sando.  A  few  cases  occurred  in  the  central 
or  main  town,  and  seventy-five  deaths  from  cancer  out  of  a  total 
of  663  deaths  from  all  causes,  occurred  in  Kalau.  Cancer  there- 
fore caused  about  one-ninth  of  the  deaths  here,  and  none  what- 


CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 


ever  in  Sando.  "We  find  also  that  during  this  time  of  twenty- 
two  and  one-half  years,  the  population  and  their  manner  of 
living  continued  about  the  same.  The  people  in  each  of  the 
suburbs  lived  on  the  products  of  their  farms  and  gardens.  The 
land  in  Kalau  and  the  main  town,  was  very  low,  level  and  damp, 
while  that  of  Sando  was  high,  dry  and  sandy.  There  was  a 
ditch,  containing  foul  stagnant  water,  which  passed  closely 
around  a  portion  of  the  central  tow^n  and  through  the  whole  of 
Kalau;  all  the  gardens  of  which  were  watered  from  this  ditch, 
the  water  of  which  was  used  also  to  wash  their  garden  vegetables. 
Behla  believed  that  cancer  followed  this  ditch  and  that  the 
water  used  from  it  to  wash  the  vegetables,  infected  them  and 
many  of  these  which  were  eaten  uncooked,  thereby  transmitted 
the  germs  of  cancer  to  the  people  who  used  them. 

This  observation  certainly  furnishes  very  strong  proof  of  the 
parasitic  origin  of  cancer,  but  it  gives  no  positive  evidence  that 
water  was  the  medium  through  which  it  was  conveyed.  Again, 
in  the  Cancer  Number  of  the  Practitioner  for  April,  1899,  we  find 
two  articles,  which  seem  to  be  especially  important  for  our 
purpose.  One  of  them  is  entitled  "The  IMedical  Geography  of 
Cancer  in  England  and  Wales, ' '  by  Alfred  Haviland ;  the  other 
"The  Local  Distribution  of  Cancer  and  Cancer  Houses,"  by 
D'Arcy  Powers,  F.  R.  C.  S.  On  reading  these  over  I  find  it 
stated  that  cancer  is  far  more  prevalent  along  rivers,  low 
grounds,  and  marshy  places,  than  on  high  dry  ground  and 
mountain  ranges.  If  this  is  a  fact,  as  the  investigations  of 
these  observers  seem  to  prove,  then,  it  is  evident,  that  the 
Original  Host,  if  there  is  one,  would  be  found  in  greater  abun- 
dance in  such  places,  and  also  it  must  be  world-wide,  or  nearly  so 
in  extent,  for  we  know  that  cancer  is  common  in  many  different 
parts  of  the  world. 

In  view  of  the  absolute  failure  of  all  efforts  heretofore 
made  to  discover  the  origin  and  cause  of  malignant  disease,  it 
seemed  to  me  some  new  method  of  procedure  must  be  adopted. 
I  therefore  determined  to  take  a  general  survey  of  the  Animal 
and  Vegetable  Kingdoms,  for  the  purpose  of  finding  out  what 
animal  or  plant,  found  on  low  moist  ground,  would  be  most 
likely  to  serve  as  an  Original  Host  for  the  supposed  parasites. 
On  carefully  reviewing  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  I  could  find 
nothing  which  fulfilled  these  conditions  and  seemed  likely  to 
serve  as  their  Original  Host.  On  looking  over  the  lower  forms 
of  animal  life,  I  was  strongly  impressed  with  the  idea  that  the 
earthworm  might  be  the  Host.     It  is  well  know^n  to  naturalists 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  D.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 


that  earthworms  are  much  more  abundant  in  low  moist  grounds 
than  on  mountain  ranges  and  dry  soil.  In  F.  E.  Beddard's  Mon- 
ograph on  the  01igocha?ta,  or  Earthworms,  under  the  head  of 
Habitat,  he  says.  ''Earthworms  are  found  in  almost  every  part 
of  the  world  where  they  have  been  looked  for.  They  occur  far  to 
the  North  in  Siberia  and  Nova  Zembla,  while  South  Georgia  and 
Kerguelen  mark  their  southern  limits.'*'  Thus  we  see  that  two 
prominent  indications  are  fulfilled  by  the  earthworm.  Perhaps 
this  opinion  may  have  been  confirmed  on  account  of  my  previous 
work  on  the  earthworm,  in  working  out  the  life  history  of  the 
*"Gape  Worms  of  Fowls,"  (Syngamus  trachealis),  which  I  found 
to  reside  in  its  embryonic  condition,  in  the  intestinal  canal  of 
the  earthworm,  which  thus  served  as  a  Host  for  this  parasite. 
In  that  investigation  I  found  that  the  earthworm  contained 
many  kinds  of  parasites,  some  of  them  in  great  numbers. 

Having  determined  to  investigate  anew  the  parasites  of  the 
earthworm,  on  June  4th,  1901,  I  procured  some  of  them  from  the 
low  grounds  along  the  Hudson  and  commenced  my  work.  I  cut 
one  of  these  earthworms  in  two,  rubbed  one  of  the  cut  surfaces 
on  a  watch  glass,  and  adding  a  drop  of  water,  stirred  well  with 
a  needle  and  placed  it  under  an  inch  objective.  I  immediately 
saw  some  small  bodies,  which  I  had  often  observed  before,  and 
alwaj^s  understood  to  be  the  ameboid  or  white  corpuscles  of  the 
blood  of  the  earthworm.  On  examining  them  under  the  one  quar- 
ter inch,  their  character  was  more  fully  brought  out, but  I  wished 
to  examine  them  more  closely.  I  therefore  mounted  some  of  them 
on  a  slide  in  distilled  water,  and  on  placing  them  under  a  one- 
tenth  immersion,  was  surprised  to  find  that  the  breaking  down 
or  disintegration  into  inert  matter  of  these  ameboid  corpuscles, 
as  it  has  been  described  by  authors,  was  a  mistake.  The  result  on 
the  contrary,  was  the  formation  of  a  great  number  of  very  small 
bodies,  which  with  a  lower  power  have  the  appearance  of 
granules,  but  under  a  high  power  objective  are  seen  to  be  well 
marked  spores  or  cells,  which  have  a  peculiar  oscillating  motion. 
A  good  illustration  of  these  bodies  will  be  found  in  the  last 
edition  of  the  I\Iicrographic  dictionary,  plate  38.  figures  16  and 
17,  from  cancerous  tissue,  under  the  head  of  granule  cells.  I 
found  these  organisms  in  the  celiac  cavity  of  the  earthworm,  in 
various  stages  of  their  development. 

In  the  small  round  forms  the  nucleus  presents  a  very 
brilliant  appearance  and  they  are  found  on  the  bottom  of  the 

*This  paper  was  first  published  in  1886,  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Buffalo  Society 
of  Natural  Sciences,  Vol.  X,  No.  2,  afterwards  extracted  and  published  in  pamphlet 
form. 


CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 


Avateli  glass  and  also  floating  throughout  the  liquid.  Some  of 
the  forms  float  on  the  surface  and  resemble  globules  of  fat, 
exactly  as  we  find  in  slides  put  up  from  the  scrapings  of 
cancerous  tissue.  *  *  *  We  also  see  them  fusing  on  the 
bottom  of  the  watch  glass  and  forming  irregular  ameboid  bodies, 
which  contain  throughout  their  structure  many  small  nuclei  when 
viewed  under  a  high  power  objective.  Here  indeed  was  a  problem 
to  solve,  which  demanded  careful  investigation.  I  therefore 
devoted  considerable  time  to  looking  up  the  literature  of  these 
organisms.  They  have  always  been  described  as  body  cells  of 
the  earthworm,  no  author  having  to  my  knowledge  regarded  them 
as  parasites. 

In  Sedgwick  and  Wilson's  General  Biology,  page  53,  we  have 
two  figures  of  these  phagocytes,  as  they  are  called.  It  also  says : 
"The  celomic  fluid  is  composed  of  two  constituents,  viz.,  a  color- 
less fluid  called  the  plasma,  and  colorless  isolated  cells  or 
corpuscles,  which  float  in  the  plasma,  and  are  remarkable  for  the 
fact  that  they  undergo  constant  though  slow  changes  of  form.  In 
fact  they  closely  resemble  certain  kinds  of  amebje,  and  we 
should  certainly  consider  them  to  be  such,  if  we  found  them 
occurring  free  in  stagnant  water.  We  know,  however,  that  they 
live  only  in  the  plasma,  and  have  a  common  origin  with  the  other 
cells  of  the  body,  hence  we  must  regard  them  not  as  individual 
animals,  but  as  constituent  cells  of  the  earthworm.  The  celomic 
fluid,  is  in  fact  a  kind  of  tissue,  consisting  of  colorless  isolated 
cells  floating  in  a  fluid  intercellular  substance.  These  free 
floating  cells  are  probably  the  scavengers  (phagocytes)  of  the 
body,  devouring  and  destroying  waste  matters.  Some  suppose 
that  they  also  attack  invading  parasites,  such  as  bacteria."  On 
page  64,  same  authors,  they  are  referred  to  as  ''White  blood 
corpuscles,  ameboid  cells,  lymph  cells,  and  phagocytes,"  and, 
"They  move  their  parts  much  as  amebe  do,  engulphing 
particles  about  them  by  a  kind  of  flux."  They  have  also  been 
called  per^isceral  corpuscles.  In  F.  E.  Becldard's  Monograph  on 
the  OligochEeta,  or  Earthworms,  these  bodies  are  stated  to 
extend  throughout  nearly  all  the  Oligocheeta,  both  those  which 
live  in  the  soil  and  those  which  live  in  water.  When  it  is  known 
that  over  650  different  species  of  Oligochaeta  have  been 
described,  their  extent  can  be  imagined.  In  some  species  of 
earthworms  these  organisms  are  of  various  colors.  As  before 
stated  I  found  these  bodies  corresponded  with  those  we  get  from 
the  scrapings  of  a  fresh  cancer,  also  the  forms  we  are  so  familiar 
with  in  the  illustrations  of  cancer  in  the  older  authors.  I 
endeavored  to  trace  the  source  of  these  bodies,  and  found  after 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  D.,  BUFFALO,  N:  Y. 


prolonged  observation  that  they  derived  their  origin  from  the 
chlorogogue.  or  chlorogogen  cells.  In  the  confirmation  of  this 
opinion,  Sedgwick  and  "Wilson,  on  page  61,  speaking  of  the  very 
small  particles  floating  in  the  celomic  fluid,  say:  "It  is  nearly 
certain  that  these  particles  are  derived  from  the  breaking  up  of 
'Lymphoid'  cells,  some  of  which  may  have  been  phagocytes 
floating  in  the  celomic  fluid,  and  the  most  if  not  all  of  these 
cells  are  from  'chlorogogue  cells'  set  free  from  the  surface  of 
the  blood  vessels  and  of  the  intestine." 

These  observations  were  made  on  the  large  earthworm, 
Lumbricus  herculeus,  commonly  used  in  biological  work.  Other 
species,  however,  are  similar.  This  matter  having  been  settled 
to  my  satisfaction,  another  problem  now  presented  itself,  namely, 
the  nature  and  origin  of  this  chlorogogue  layer  which  has  been 
described  by  so  many  authors.  In  Huxley  and  I\Iartin  's  Biology, 
page  242,  in  speaking  of  the  earthworm,  it  says:  "The  intes- 
tinal wall  is  invested  in  a  yellowish  brown  tissue  of  so-called 
'chlorogogen  cells.'  This  tissue  (originally  thought  to  have 
been  a  kind  of  liver)  has  no  sort  of  connection  with  the  lumen 
of  the  gut ;  it  is  intimately  associated  with  the  walls  of  the  great 
blood  vessels,  many  of  which  it  completely  surrounds,  and  there 
is  reason  for  regarding  it  as  functional,  in  the  formation  of  an 
excretory  product,  which  is  discharged  into  the  body  cavity,  if 
not  in  that  of  some  constituent  of  the  blood  also."  On  page 
267,  in  speaking  of  this  layer,  it  says :  "Its  component  cells  are 
elongated  and  club-shaped,  each  containing  a  single  oval  nucleus 
and  crowded  with  minute  highly  refractive  globules. ' '  In  Sedg- 
wick and  Wilson,  page  52,  we  find  the  following  description : 
"The  outer  surface  of  the  stomach  intestine  is  covered  with 
pigmented,  yellowish  brown,  'chlorogogue  cells.'  These  were 
formerly  supposed  to  be  concerned  with  the  secretion  of  the 
digestive  fluid  and  hence  are  often  called  'hepatic  cells.'  This, 
however,  is  probably  an  erroneous  interpretation,  and  they  are 
now  believed  to  be  concerned  with  the  process  of  excretion." 
By  the  process  of  excretion,  we  suppose  is  meant  the  throwing 
off  of  those  very  small  particles,  which  they  regarded  as  inert 
matter. 

In  F.  E.  Beddard,  on  the  Oligochfeta,  in  Vol.  II,  the  Cam- 
bridge Natural . History,  "Worms  Rotifers  and  Polyzoa.'.'  1901, 
page  355,  under  the  head  of  Celom  and  vascular  system,  the 
author  says:  "When  an  earthworm  is  dissected  the  various 
organs  are  seen  to  lie  in  a  fairly  spacious  cavity,  which  is 
interrupted  and  divided  into  a  series  of  chambers  by  the  mesen- 
teries, or  septa,  which  stretch  across  from  wall  to  wall  of  the 


CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 


body,  and  correspond  roughly  in  their  position  to  the  groves 
which  separate  the  body  externally.  This  cavity  common  to  all 
the  higher  animals,  is  known  as  the  celom.  It  is  lined  by  cells 
which  cover  the  intestines  as  well  as  the  inside  of  the  body  wall, 
and  upon  the  intestine  assume  the  form  so  characteristic  of  the 
group,  namely,  that  of  large  yellow  cells  loaded  with  secreted 
matter  and  called  chlorogogen  cells  by  Claparede." 

In  Gould's  Dictionary  of  New  Medical  Terms,  1905,  we  find 
that  chlorogogen  is  derived  from  two  Greek  words,  /lopua 
greenish,  and  (i.yMyri  a  carrying  off.  It  is  defined  as  follows: 
"Applied  to  peculiar  peritoneal  cells,  with  definite  excretory 
functions.  They  are  especially  strongly  developed  in  the 
Oligochata,  but  occur  also  in  the  Polychgeta.  They  are  attached 
to  the  dorsal  vessel  and  its  branches,  and  contain  brown  granules 
taken  from  the  blood."  In  looking  over  the  Polychseta,  which 
are  marine  worms,  we  find  thirty-four  families,  comprising  hun- 
dreds of  species  described.  We  also  find  that  the  most  of  them 
contain  celomic  corpuscles  and  chlorogogen  cells,  like  their  near 
relative  the  earthworm.  AVhen  it  is  knowai,as  we  hope  to  satisfac- 
torily prove  later,  that  these  celomic  corpuscles  and  chlorogogen 
cells  are  different  stages  in  the  life  history  of  parasitic  protozoa, 
heretofore  unknown,  belonging,  some  of  them  at  least,  and  per- 
haps all,  to  the  sporozoa,  we  see  what  a  vast  field  we  have  before 
us  for  investigation. 

From  our  observation,  it  also  seems  quite  probable,  that  each 
species  of  worm  harbors  a  different  species  of  parasite.  In  order 
to  find  out  whether  these  bodies  are  the  parasites  which  cause 
Cancer  and  Sarcoma,  as  I  strongly  suspected,  I  determined  to 
feed  them  to  animals  and  see  if  they  could  be  infected  thereby. 
I  therefore  procured  two  guinea  pigs,  one  to  be  used  as  a  control, 
placed  them  in  separate  cages,  and  giving  each  hay,  oats  and 
water,  commenced  my  experiments. 


EXPERIMENT  No.  \ 

A  large  guinea  pig,  No.  1,  on  June  14th,  1901,  at  9  :45  A.  M., 
was  fed  a  thick,  slimy  liquid,  prepared  by  cutting  a  large  earth- 
worm (Lumbricus  herculeus)  into  many  pieces,  with  distilled 
water  in  a  glass  dish.  This  worm  was  washed  in  water  before 
being  cut  up.  The  liquid  was  well  stirred  and  a  drop  being 
placed  under  the  microscope  showed  a  great  number  of  these 
bodies,  which  I  believed  to  be  the  spores  and  cells  of  a  parasite 
in  the  different  stages  of  its  development.     A  small  rubber  tube 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  P.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y>  9 

was  passed  into  the  pig's  throat  and  a  glass  syringe  being 
inserted  into  its  outer  extremity,  about  two  drams  of  the  liquid 
was  injected,  the  greater  part  of  which  w^as  retained. 

This  method  was  adopted  (instead  of  injecting  under  the 
skin  as  is  usually  done),  in  order  to  closely  follow  Nature,  for 
I  believed  the  natural  way  in  which  cancer  usually  gained  access 
to  the  body,  if  it  was  a  parasite,  was  through  the  digestive 
system. 

June  18th,  9  :45  A.  M.,  pig  evidently  sick.  Breathes  irregu- 
lar and  rapid  and  often  shivers,  curls  up  in  a  corner  of  his  cage 
and  eats  very  little.  The  control  well  and  lively.  June  19th, 
morning,  pig  evidently  worse.  1  P.  M.,  abdomen  bloated  and 
very  tender  when  pressed.  Stools  thin  and  found  under  the 
microscope  to  be  composed  almost  entirely  of  the  organisms 
from  the  earthworm.  Some  of  these  were  put  up  in  a  slide  with 
a  little  distilled  water,  in  which  they  lived  until  the  slide  was 
broken,  over  three  years.  During  that  period  they  could  be  seen 
to  move,  and  they  increased  greatly  in  number.  Pig  quite  sick 
for  several  days,  remaining  most  of  the  time  curled  up  in  a 
corner  of  his  cage  and  eating  very  little.  June  25th,  pig  some 
better,  runs  about  and  eats  more.  July  1st,  about  the  same  for 
the  past  few  da^^s.  July  5th,  pig  eats  very  little  now,  and  is 
getting  quite  poor.  Abdomen  very  tender  and  he  now  keeps 
quiet  most  of  the  time.  Pig  No.  2,  the  control,  well,  eats  heartily 
and  no  bloating  or  tenderness  of  the  abdomen  when  handled 
quite  roughly. 

On  July  5th  I  took  a  drop  of  blood  from  the  ear  of  pig 
No.  1,  and  put  it  up  in  a  slide  with  a  little  distilled  water.  On 
examining  this  under  the  microscope,  I  found  it  to  contain  many 
of  the  same  organisms  which  he  w^as  fed  from  the  earthworm,  in 
different  states  of  development,  the  smaller  forms  being  quite 
abundant.  Pig  continued  to  grow  thinner  and  to  eat  less,  and 
died  on  the  morning  of  July  15th,  thirty-one  days  from  the  time 
he  was  fed  the  organisms  from  the  earthworm. 

On  opening  his  abdomen,  the  intestines  were  found  red- 
dened and  congested  in  many  places.  The  lungs  had  patches  of 
infiltration,  and  on  scraping  some  of  its  freshly  cut  tissue,  an 
abundance  of  bodies  like  those  from  the  earthworm  were  found. 
Sections  of  the  lungs  showed  many  small  nodules,  which  were 
variously  interpreted  by  different  pathologists. 

One  said  at  first  he  could  not  deny  but  what  it  was  Cancer, 
another  called  them  epitheloid  cells,  another  lymphoid  cells,  and 
still  another  endothelioma.   On  July  6th  I  noticed  that  pig  No.  2, 


JO CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

the  control,  was  not  well,  seemed  to  have  similar  symptoms  to 
the  one  that  died.  I  had  not  fed  him  any  of  the  organisms,  but 
he  evidently  was  quite  sick.  His  cage  was  within  a  few  feet  of 
the  other,  and  on  the  evening  of  June  29th  I  found  that  pig 
No.  1  had  escaped  through  a  loosened  slat  and  was  perched  upon 
the  top  of  the  cage  of  the  control,  where  from  appearances  he 
had  been  for  some  time.  Pig  No.  2  continued  to  grow  worse 
and  died  on  the  night  of  July  16th.  Before  he  died  I  examined  a 
drop  of  blood  from  his  ear  and  found  the  same  kind  of  organisms 
in  it  I  found  in  Pig  No.  1.  I  believe  he  was  infected  by  the 
excrements  of  No.  1,  which  contained  the  parasites,  dropping 
through  on  to  the  hay  in  his  cage.  This  pig  lived  17  days,  from 
the  time  of  his  supposed  infection.  He  was  much  smaller  than 
No.  1,  and  I  have  since  found  that  young  pigs  die  quicker  when 
fed  the  organisms,  than  those  which  are  older.  On  repeated 
examinations  I  have  never  found  these  organisms  in  the  blood 
of  the  normal  guinea  pig,  nor  in  one  which  I  kept  afterwards 
for  a  long  time  as  a  control,  under  the  same  conditions. 

On  examining  this  pig  I  found  the  same  lesions  present  in 
the  abdomen  and  lungs  as  in  the  first  pig.  Sections  of  the 
lungs  also  showed  the  same  kind  of  nodules,  only  less  in  size, 
than  in  No.  1. 


EXPERIMENT  No.  2 

On  August  12th,  1901,  I  fed  a  good  sized  pig,  No.  3,  in  the 
same  manner  as  before,  about  tw^o  drams  of  a  liquid  obtained 
from  six  small  earthworms,  by  placing  them  one  at  a  time  in  a 
Syracuse  watch  glass,  with  a  little  water  and  gently  pricking 
themwith  a  needle,  not  hard  enough  to  penetrate  the  skin.  These 
worms  were  first  carefully  w^ashed  in  water  to  remove  any 
organisms  which  might  adhere  to  them  externally.  I  found  when 
irritated  with  a  needle,  they  throw  out  through  the  orifices  of  the 
skin  a  thick  slimy  liquid  containing  an  abundance  of  the  organ- 
isms on  which  I  was  at  work.  These  organisms  were  also  found 
to  be  thrown  off  when  crawling  over  a  watch  glass,  or  any  other 
object;  and  I  made  this  test  to  determine  whether  there  would 
be  enough  to  cause  the  infection  and  death  of  the  pig. 

The  importance  of  this  experiment  will  readily  be  seen,  for 
earthworms  are  very  fond  of  various  kinds  of  vegetables,  such 
as  cabbage,  celery,  lettuce,  onions,  etc.,  according  to  Darwin  in 
his  last  work,  "The  Formation  of  Vegetable  Mould  Through 
the  Action  of  Earthworms." 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  D.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y^^ U 

F.  E.  Beddard,  in  "Worms,  Rotifers  and  Polyzoa,"  on  page 
355,  says:  '"But  worms  are  epicures  and  exhibit  a  deaided  taste 
and  preference  for  certain  articles  of  diet.  Like  their  fellow-tiller 
of  the  soil,  the  agricultural  laborer,  worms  have  a  keen  relish  for 
onions,  which,  hov^'ever,  they  must  recognize  by  the  smell.  They 
prefer  green  cabbage  to  red,  celery  to  both,  and  raw  meat  appears 
to  be  the  greatest  delicacy  that  can  be  offered  to  them." 

From  the  foregoing  observation  it  is  seen  that  in  crawling 
over  and  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  vegetables,  earthworms  would 
leave  these  organisms  on  their  surface.  In  due  time  Pig  No.  3 
became  sick,  having  the  same  symptoms  as  the  others.  On 
September  3rd,  twenty-two  days  from  the  feeding,  I  examined  a 
drop  of  blood  from  his  ear  and  found  it  contained  the  same  or- 
ganisms I  fed  him.  He  died  September  6th,  at  4  P.  M.,  twenty- 
five  days  and  five  hours  from  the  time  he  was  fed.  On  examina- 
tion the  same  lesions  in  the  abdomen  and  lungs,  accompanied  by 
the  organisms  were  found  as  in  the  other  pigs. 

EXPERIMENTS  No.  3  and  No.  4 

On  August  30th,  at  1  P.  M.,  fed  pigs  4  and  5  in  the 
same  manner  as  before,  one  dram  of  a  solution  made  by  cutting 
up  into  small  pieces  in  a  glass  dish  with  water,  three  earth- 
worms, about  t^\o  and  one-half  inches  in  length.  Pig  No.  5 
•rejected  about  half  the  amount  he  was  fed.  None  of  the  body  of 
the  earthworms  in  this  or  any  of  the  previous  experiments  was 
injected,  and  they  were  always  washed  well  in  water  before 
being  used,  to  remove  all  portions  of  earth  which  might  contain 
other  toxic  organisms. 

These  pigs  developed  the  same  symptoms  as  the  others.  Pig 
No.  4  died  at  1  P.  M.,  September  17th,  just  eighteen  days  from 
the  time  of  his  feeding.  Pig  No.  5  died  at  9,  A.  M.,  September 
20th.  He  retained  only  about  half  the  organisms  fed,  con- 
sequently lived  longer,  namely,  twenty-one  days  less  four  hours, 
nearly  three  days  longer  than  pig  No.  4.  These  pigs  were  the 
same  age  and  doubtless  would  have  died  about  the  same  time  had 
each  retained  an  equal  amount  of  the  organisms.  The  same 
lesions  were  found  in  the  abdomen  and  lungs,  and  the  same 
organisms  in  the  blood  as  before. 

EXPERIMENTS  No.  5  and  No.  6 

August  31st,  10  A.  M.,  fed  pigs  6  and  7  each  one  dram 
of  a  similar  mixture  as  before.    These  pigs  were  affected  like  the 


J2  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 


others.  Blood  taken  from  their  ears  a  few  hours  before  they  died 
showed  the  organisms  as  before.  Pig'  No.  6  died  September 
18th,  10  A.  ]\I.,  eighteen  days  from  the  feeding.  Pig  No.  7 
died  during  the  night  of  September  17th,  a  few  hours  le.ss  than 
eighteen  days.  Examination  after  death  showed  the  same  lesions 
found  in  the  other  pigs. 

EXPERIMENTS  No,  7  and  No,  8 

On  September  3rd,  at  4  P.  ]M..  fed  pigs  8  and  9  each 
one  dram  of  a  solution  made  as  before.  Both  showed  the  same 
SA^mptoms  as  the  others.  On  September  19th,  I  examined  blood 
from  the  ear  of  pig  No.  8  and  found  plenty  of  the  organisms. 
He  died  that  night,  living  between  sixteen  and  seventeen  days, 
from  the  time  he  was  fed.  On  September  21st  pig  No.  9  died, 
eighteen  days  after  the  feeding.  Blood  from  his  ear  was  exam- 
ined and  five  slides  put  up  in  the  forenoon  of  September  21st,  in 
all  of  which  there  was  an  abundance  of  the  cells.  The  same  con- 
dition in  the  lungs  and  abdomen  was  found  as  in  the  other  pigs. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  9 

On  December  18th  at  10  A.  M.,  fed  a  good  sized  pig  No.  10, 
the  parasites  of  an  earthworm  of  the  species  Allolobophora 
foetida,  procured  from  upper  jNIain  Street,  Buffalo,  during  the 
month  of  November.  The  worm  was  prepared  as  before.  This 
pig  commenced  to  be  sick  five  days  after  the  feeding.  His 
symptoms  were  like  many  of  the  other  pigs,  namely,  a  well- 
marked  chill,  the  animal  is  seen  to  shiver,  loss  of  appetite  and 
frequently  opening  his  mouth  as  though  tasting  something. 
December  31st,  put  up  a  drop  of  blood  from  his  ear,  in  which  I 
found  plenty  of  the  organisms.  Pig  died  January  3rd,  1902. 
at  10  A.  M.,  sixteen  days  from  the  feeding.  Same  lesions  found 
as  in  the  other,s. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  10 

On  December  18th.  fed  a  small  pig.  No.  11.  during  the 
day  a  handful  of  grass  procured  on  December  10th  from  a  sandy 
spot  of  ground  in  which  earthworms  were  very  plentiful.  There 
were  only  a  few  scattered  tufts  of  grass  growing  here,  and  these 
I  found  to  contain  w^hat  I  believed  to  be  the  organisms  from 
the  earthworm.  This  test  was  made  to  determine  if  such  M^as 
the  case,  and  if  so,  if  they  were  in  sufficient  quantity  to  kill  the 


By  H.  D.  TALKER  M.  D.>  BUFFALO,  N-  Y, 13 

pig.  This  grass  was  well  dried,  hay,  in  fact,  when  fed,  eight 
days  after  being  picked.  Pig  became  sick  the  fifth  day  after 
the  feeding.  On  the  sixth  day  he  had  a  severe  chill.  He  shook  so 
that  his  teeth  could  be  plainly  heard  to  chatter.  He  died  on  the 
morning  of  December  25th,  seven  days  from  the  feeding.  Ex- 
amination showed  the  same  organisms  in  his  blood  and  lungs  as 
were  found  in  the  others,  and  in  the  hay  which  he  was  fed. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  JI 

On  December  20th,  at  2  P.  M.,  fed  a  medium  sized  pig 
Noy^l2,  the  organisms  from  a  small  sized  earthworm,  soecies 
AlloLophora  foetida,  from  upper  Main  Street,  Buffalo.  This  pig 
had  ihe  first  symptoms  of  infection  on  the  night  of  December 
25th,  five  days  from  the  feeding,  and  died  on  the  morninsr  of 
the  31st,  10  A.  M.,  living  eleven  days  less  four  hours  from  the 
time  he  was  fed.     Same  lesions  found  as  in  the  others. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  12 

On  December  20th.  fed  a  Belgian  hare.  No.  1,  two  months 
old,  the  organisms  from  a  medium  sized  earthworm,  soer'ies 
AUolobophora  foetida,  from  Buffalo,  the  same  way  as  before, 
January  10th,  1902,  hare  shows  first  signs  of  infection,  by  loss 
of  appetite  and  remaining  curled  up  in  a  corner  of  his  cage. 
January  11th,  refuses  to  eat  or  drink.  After  a  dav  or  two 
commenced  to  get  better,  and  continued  about  in  his  normal 
condition  until  he  was  killed  January  29th,  forty  days  from  the 
time  he  was  fed.  The  same  organisms  were  found,  especially  in 
the  lungs,  as  in  the  pigs. 

During  February,  March  and  April  I  examined  several 
species  of  earthworms  in  the  Southern  States,  and  found  thpv 
all  contained  the  organisms,  but  they  seemed  to  differ  from  each 
other  slightly,  in  each  species  of  worm.  This  difference  was  in 
regard  to  their  size,  shape  and  mode  of  grouping  themselves 
together.  It  seemed  to  me  quite  probable  that  each  species  might 
produce  a  different  variety  of  malignant  disease. 

I  therefore  determined  in  my  future  experiments,  in  all 
cases  to  note  the  species  of  earthworm  from  which  the  organisms 
were  derived,  and  see  if  the  results  were  different.  In  the 
summer  of  1902,  I  renewed  my  experiments. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  B 

On  I\Iay  18th,  at  12  M.,  fed  a  good  sized  pig,  No.  13, 
the  organisms  from  an  earthworm  of  the  species  A.  foetida  from 


U CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

Newburgh,  in  the  same  manner  as  before.  June  9th,  examined 
the  blood  from  his  ear  and  found  the  organisms.  Pig  died  the 
same  day  at  2  P.  M.,  twenty-two  days  after  being  fed.  Sections 
were  made  and  the  parasites  found  in  tliem  as  before. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  14 

On  May  18th,  fed  a  medium  sized  pig,  No.  14,  the 
organisms  from  an  earthworm,  species  A.  foetida,  from  New- 
burgh. This  pig  had  the  same  symptoms  as  the  others  and  died 
June  2nd,  fifteen  days  after  being  fed.  Examination  both  before 
and  after  death  showed  the  usual  organisms. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  15 

On  May  18th,  at  12 :30  P.  M.,  I  injected  under  the  skin  of 
the  back  of  pig  No.  15,  a  solution  the  same  as  fed  the  others, 
from  an  earthworm  of  the  species  A.  foetida.  This  pig  died  on 
the  night  of  June  3rd,  sixteen  and  one-half  days  after  the  injec- 
tion of  the  organisms.  On  examination  I  did  not  find  the  abdom- 
inal viscera  congested  as  in  the  previous  eases,  which  were  fed 
by  the  mouth.    The  lungs,  however,  were  full  of  the  parasites. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  16 

On  May  19th  I  fed  pig  No.  16  the  organisms  from  a 
small  earthworm,  species  A.  fcetida,  from  "Washington,  D.  C. 
Same  symptoms  as  before,  and  pig  died  June  3rd,  fifteen  days 
from  the  feeding,  and  the  same  parasites  found  on  examination. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  17 

On  October  16th,  1902,  I  fed  a  small  dog  which  had  the 
appearance  of  being  several  years  old,  a  medium  sized  Lumbricus 
hereuleus,  cutting  it  up  in  very  small  pieces  in  a  little  water  and 
mixing  it  thoroughly  with  his  food.  On  December  10  I  fed  this 
dog  another  worm  of  the  same  species  in  the  same  way.  December 
15th  dog's  abdomen  very  tender  on  pressure,  and  he  has  little 
appetite.  Has  the  appearance  of  being  infected.  I  fed  him 
another  worm  as  before  on  December  20th,  25th  and  30th.  I 
repeated  the  feeding  on  January  4th  and  January  30th,  1903. 
On  February  12th,  fed  dog  an  earthw^orm  of  the  same  species 
which  had  been  dried  and  wrapped  in  paper  over  one  year.  This 
worm  was  broken  in  small  pieces,  well  soaked  in  water  and  then 
the  pieces  mashed  so  that  the  parasites  might  become  active.     I 


By  H,  D,  VALKER  M.  P.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 15 

would  here  state  that  these  organisms  are  not  killed  by  drying  or 
freezing,  for  Avhen  a  piece  of  worm  which  has  been  dried  several 
months,  or  has  been  frozen,  is  well  broken  up  in  water,  the 
organisms  resume  their  activity  the  same  as  in  a  fresh  worm. 
]\Iarch  2nd,  gave  dog  a  hypodermic  injection  under  the  skin  of 
the  back,  of  the  same  species  prepared  by  cutting  it  up  in  water. 
On  May  8th  I  killed  this  dog,  204  days  from  the  beginning  of  the 
experiment.  There  was  no  tumor  where  the  hypodermic  was 
given,  nor  could  I  discover  any  on  examination  cf  the  body. 
Many  of  the  parasites  were  found  in  different  orgars. 

EXPERIMENT  No-  18 

On  October  16th,  1902,  I  fed  a  medium  sized  young  dog  an 
earthworm  of  the  species  Allolobophora  profuga,  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  first  dog  was  fed.  On  December  10th  and  15th 
fed  two  earthworms  at  each  feeding.  Decembfi^  30th,  fed  eight 
earthworms.  January  4th,  1903,  dog's  abdomen  quite  tender 
on  pressure.  Fed  eight  earthworms  and  repeated  the  feeding 
on  January  30th.  March  2nd,  gave  dog  an  hypodermic  injection 
of  the  organisms  in  water  under  the  skin  of  the  back.  On  May 
9th  I  killed  this  dog,  205  days  from  the  time  of  the  first  feeding. 
There  was  no  tumor  found  where  the  injection  was  made,  nor  in 
the  internal  organs.  Many  of  the  parasites  were  found  through- 
out the  animal. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  19 

On  October  16th,  1902,  I  fed  as  before  a  small  youuf?  dnf?, 
two  worms  of  the  species  A,  foetida.  On  December  10th  and  15th, 
I  fed  tM^o  worms  at  each  feeding.  December  30th  and  January 
4th,  1903,  fed  eight  worms  at  each  feeding.  On  December  30th, 
I  found  dog's  abdomen  very  tender  on  pressure.  On  March 
2nd  I  injected  under  the  skin  of  the  back,  one-half  dram  of  a 
mixture  of  the  parasites  made  by  cutting  up  two  worms  A. 
fcetida,  in  a  little  water.  On  May  6th  I  killed  this  dog,  202  days 
from  the  time  he  was  first  fed.  The  internal  organs  contained  no 
tumors.  There  was  a  nodule  under  the  skin  where  the  injection 
was  made,  sixty-five  days  before.  When  sections  were  made 
from  the  nodule,  well  marked  Plimmer's  bodies  were  found. 
The  lungs  and  spleen  also  contained  them. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  20 

On  October  19th,  1902,  I  fed  a  Belgian  hare.  No.  2,  about 
four  months  old,  the  organisms  from  a  fair  sized  L.  herculeus,  by 


16  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

injecting  them  dowTi  his  throat  with  a  glass  syringe  and  rubber 
tube  as  in  previous  cases.  November  6th,  hare  has  symptoms 
of  infection,  bloating  and  tenderness  of  abdomen.  December 
11th,  fed  hare  the  parasites  from  another  worm  of  the  same 
species.  December  17th  hare  shows  well-marked  signs  of  second 
infection.  December  23rd,  hare  died  today,  sixty-six  days  from 
the  first  feeding  and  twelve  days  from  the  last.  Sections  of  the 
liver  showed  well  marked  Sarcoma. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  2  J 

On  October  19th,  1902,  I  fed  a  Belgian  hare,  No.  3,  the 
organisms  from  a  fair-sized  earthworm,  of  the  species  Allolobo- 
phora  profuga,  in  the  usual  way.  November  6th,  hare  has 
symptoms  of  infection.  December  11th,  fed  organisms  from  two 
worms  of  the  same  species.  December  17th  hare  has  symptoms 
of  second  infection.  January  10th,  1903,  abdomen  bloated  and 
liver  plainly  enlarged.  Fed  organisms  from  two  worms  of  the 
same  species.  January  31st,  fed  hare  four  worms  (A.  profuga.) 
by  cutting  them  up  in  a  little  water  and  mixing  them  with  oats 
in  a  dish.  The  mixture  was  well  stirred  and  the  hare  ate  them 
all.  February  14th,  the  hare  died  today,  119  days  from  the  first 
feeding  and  fourteen  after  the  last.  A  well  marked  tumor  in  the 
stomach,  which  is  believed  to  be  Sarcoma,  was  found.  The 
parasites  were  also  seen  in  sections  of  the  lungs,  liver  and  spleen. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  22 

On  October  18th,  1902,  I  fed  a  Belgian  hare,  No.  4,  the 
organisms  in  the  usual  way,  from  two  earthworms  of  the  species 
A.  foetida.  November  6th  hare  is  infested.  December  11th  re- 
peated the  feeding  of  two  worms,  also  on  January  10th,  1903. 
March  3rd  killed  the  hare.  No  tumors  discovered,  but  the  para- 
sites were  found  in  sections  of  various  organs. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  23 

On  March  28th,  1903,  I  fed  a  guinea  pig.  No.  17,  the 
parasites  from  an  earthworm,  L.  herculeus.  On  April  13th,  six- 
teen days  from  the  feeding,  this  pig  died,  and  the  parasites  were 
found  throughout  the  lungs,  liver  and  spleen. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  24 

On  March  28th,  at  4  P.  M.,  I  injected  the  parasites  from  an 
earthworm,  species  A.  foetida,  under  the  skin  of  the  back  of  pig 


By  H.  D.  VALKER  M.  D.,  BUFFALO,  N-  Y.  17 

No.  18.  April  5th,  pig  died  last  night,  about  seven  and  one- 
half  days  after  the  time  of  the  injection.  Found  the  parasites 
through  the  organs  as  usual. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  25 

On  March  28th,  I  injected  the  parasites  from  an  earthworm, 
A.  foetida,  under  the  skin  of  the  back  of  pig  No.  19.  This 
pig  died  April  19th,  twenty-two  days  from  the  injection.  No 
tumors  were  found,  but  an  abundance  of  the  parasites  through 
the  different  organs. 

On  September  11th,  1903,  I  procured  six  guinea  pigs,  and 
believing  that  the  previous  ones  had  died  too  soon  for  the 
production  of  well  marked  tumors,  I  thought  if  I  could  prolong 
their  life,  I  might  be  able  to  succeed  in  producing  them.  I 
therefore  determined  to  feed  them  fresh  grass  once  daily,  at  noon, 
and  hay  and  oats  morning  and  night,  and  note  the  effect. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  26 

On  September  11th,  I  fed  two  pigs,  Nos.  20  and  21, 
in  the  usual  way.  No.  20  was  fed  the  parasites  from 
a  large  L.  herculeus,  and  No.  21  those  from  two  medium 
sized  worms  of  the  same  species.  Every  day  at  noon  each  one 
was  fed  a  good  handful  of  green  grass  in  place  of  hay.  After  five 
or  six  days  they  had  slight  symptoms  of  infection,  but  these  soon 
passed  off  and  they  seemed  to  be  entirely  well  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  time  the  grass  was  fed,  and  six  weeks  from  the 
beginning  of  the  experiment.  On  October  23rd,  I  fed  these  pigs 
in  the  usual  way,  each  the  parasites  from  a  large  L.  herculeus ; 
I  also  discontinued  feeding  the  grass,  giving  them  hay  instead. 
On  December  6th,  forty-four  days  from  the  last  feeding,  I  killed 
pig  No.  21.  On  December  7th,  forty-five  days  from  the  last 
feeding,  I  killed  pig  No.  20.  On  careful  examination  I  could 
find  no  tumors  in  either  of  them. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  27 

On  September  11th,  I  fed  two  pigs,  Nos.  22  and 
23,  each  the  parasites  from  two  earthworms,  species  A. 
profuga,  as  before,  giving  them  a  handful  of  grass  at  noon.  After 
five  or  six  days  they  showed  a  slight  infection,  but  soon  recovered, 
and  after  six  weeks  seemed  quite  well.  On  October  23rd,  I  fed 
each  of  the  pigs,  the  parasites  from  two  A.  profuga,  and  the  feed- 
ing   of    grass    was    omitted.     November     27th,     pig    No.     23 


18  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

died,  twentj'-four  days  from  the  last  feeding.  December  7th, 
killed  pig  No.  22,  forty-five  days  from  the  last  feeding. 
No  tumors  in  either  of  these  pigs  were  found. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  2S 

On  September  11th,  I  fed  two  pigs,  Nos.  24  and 
25.  each  the  parasites  in  the  usual  way  from  four  A. 
fcEtidce.  These  pigs,  like  the  previous  four,  besides  their  hay  and 
oats,  were  fed  a  handful  of  grass  once  daily.  After  a  few  days 
like  the  others  they  manifested  slight  symptoms  of  infection, 
which  soon  passed  off,  and  they  remained  well  six  weeks  after. 
On  October  23rd.  they  were  each  fed  the  parasites  from  eight  A. 
fcetida,  hay  and  oats  being  fed  as  usual  without  the  grass.  On 
December  6th.  forty-four  days  from  the  last  feeding  I  killed  these 
pigs.  No  tumors  were  found.  In  all  six  pigs  the  parasites  were 
found  in  their  blood,  both  in  the  ameboid  and  round  forms. 
They  were  also  found  in  sections  of  the  different  organs.  On 
November  18th  I  put  up  a  slide  of  blood  from  pig  No.  25, 
which  contained  plenty  of  the  parasites.  These  three  experi- 
ments seems  to  me  of  much  importance,  from  the  fact  demon- 
strated, that  when  pigs  are  fed  green  grass  once  daily,  the  para- 
sites failed  to  kill  them,  and  they  only  manifested  slight  symp- 
toms of  infection,  which  soon  passed  off.  Not  only  this  but 
they  were  rendered  nearly  immune  to  the  further  action  of  the 
parasites  for  several  weeks,  by  this  means  of  feeding  them. 

Compare  this  with  Experiment  No.  10,  in  which  a  pig  fed 
dried  grass  containing  these  parasites  died  in  seven  days. 
Further  experiment  along  this  line  should  be  made  to  determine 
the  reason  for  this  protection  and  immunity.  At  first  I  thought 
the  parasites  entered  into  the  green  vegetable  matter  and  passed 
outfrom  the  animals,  but  the  well  marked  production  of  immunity 
shows  something  beyond  that.  Have  we  in  green  vegetable 
matter  a  preventive  or  remedy  for  malignant  disease?  Perhaps 
persons  eating  green  vegetables  containing  the  parasites  are 
protected  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  same  way.  During  the 
summer  of  1904  I  experimented  with  several  other  guinea  pigs, 
but  as  nothing  further  was  developed  it  is  unnecessary  to  give 
the  details. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  29 

On  August  14th.  1905,  I  injected  into  the  peritoneal  cavity 
of  a  Belgian  hare,  No.  five,  three  months  old.  an  hypodermic 
syringe  full  of  the  parasites  from  an  earthworm,  L.  herculeus,  cut 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  D.>  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 19 

up  in  water.  September  8th,  hare  quite  sick.  Eats  and  drinks 
very  little,  and  coughs  considerably  for  the  last  few  days.  Abdo- 
men bloated.  September  15th,  hare  died  last  night,  thirty-one 
\days  after  the  injection.  I  removed  the  lungs,  liver,  stomach, 
spleen  and  kidneys.  I  found  the  pylorus  contracted  and  the 
stomach  greatly  enlarged,  and  its  walls  thickened.  The  spleen 
was  enlarged  and  filled  with  white  nodules,  a  number  of  w^hich 
were  foimd  in  the  liver.  Sections  from  the  lungs,  liver,  spleen 
and  pylorus  contained  round  and  spindle  cells  of  Sarcoma.  Sec- 
tions of  the  liver  were  pronounced  by  two  pathologists  adeno- 
Sarcoma. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  30 

On  August  15th,  1905.  I  injected  into  the  abdominal  cavity 
of  hare  No.  6,  three  months  old,  the  parasites  from  two  small 
earthworms  (species  not  identified).  November  25th,  repeated 
the  injection,  using  six  worms  of  the  same  species.  No  symptoms 
of  infection  noted.  February  25th,  1906,  I  injected  under  the 
skin  of  the  back,  two  syringes  full  of  organisms  from  four  A. 
foetida?.  May  6th,  repeated  the  injection  of  parasites  from  A. 
foetida.  as  before.  July  1st,  injected  organisms  from  five  A. 
foetidae,  down  hare's  throat.  July  15th,  repeated  feeding  as 
above.  August  12th  injected  into  the  abdominal  cavity,  one 
syringe  full  of  organisms  from  several  A.  foetida^,  cut  up  in 
water.  No  infection  followed.  This  hare  seems  to  be  immune, 
either  naturally,  or  he  has  been  rendered  so  by  the  continued 
use])l^of  the  parasites.,  On  September  9th,  I  injected  two  syringes 
full,  made  from  several  A.  foetidae  cut  up  in  water,  into  the 
abdominal  cavity.  The  second  day  after  this  injection,  hare 
commenced  to  be  sick.  Abdomen  distended  and  verj'  tender,  and 
for  eight  or  nine  days  ate  nothing.  Became  very  poor  and  looked 
as  if  he  would  die  from  peritonitis.  After  about  nine  days  he 
commenced  to  eat  and  get  better.  About  a  week  after  this,  I 
discovered  a  small  nodular  tumor  on  the  peritoneum,  which  grew 
until  it  was  an  inch  in  diameter.  Then  an  opening  formed 
through  the  peritoneum,  in  the  middle  of  the  tumor,  which 
opening  gradually  increased  in  size  as  the  tumor  disappeared. 
The  edge  of  the  opening  was  composed  of  many  small  nodules 
and  had  the  feeling  of  a  malignant  tumor.  These  nodules  gradu- 
ally disappeared  leaving  a  smooth  edge,  through  which  the  intes- 
tines protruded  and  the  hare  seemed  in  a  normal  condition,  except 
the  hernia. 

The  opening  in  the  peritoneum  gradually  grew  less  and  in 
a  few  weeks  the  hernia  disappeared.     December  16th,  fed  hare 


20 CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

the  organisms  from  several  A.  foetid^  cut  up  in  water  and 
mixed  with  his  oats.  No  effect  noted.  On  March  10th,  1907, 
injected  two  syringes  full  of  material  from  A.  foetidse  into 
abdomen.  No  sj'mptoms  of  infection  discovered.  October  13th, 
hare  died  today.  Found  no  tumors,  but  extensive  adhesions  of 
the  abdominal  organs.  The  liver  and  spleen  were  both  atrophied. 
Sections  of  different  organs  showed  many  Plimmer's  bodies  and 
cancer  cells. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  3J 

On  August  16th,  1905,  I  injected  into  the  peritoneal  cavity 
of  hare  No.  7,  the  parasites  from  two  earthworms,  of  the  species 
A.  profuga.  November  25th,  injected  in  the  same  manner,  the 
parasites  from  six  A.  profugte.  The  animal  had  symptoms  of 
infection  each  time,  but  soon  recovered.  Thinking  the  hare  could 
not  be  killed  with  these  parasites.  I  resolved  to  try  those  from 
A.  foetidse.  Therefore  on  February  23rd,  1906,  I  injected  under 
the  skin  of  the  back,  the  parasites  from  four  A.  foetidae.  This 
not  having  the  desired  effect,  on  ^May  6th,  I  injected  into  the 
peritoneal  cavity  the  parasites  from  four  A.  foetidae.  May  8th, 
hare  died  today,  forty-eight  hours  after  last  injection.  Had 
peritonitis.  Sections  from  the  lungs,  spleen  and  stomach, 
showed  plenty  of  parasites.  Both  species  were  present.  Great 
number  of  Plimmer's  bodies  were  found. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  32 

On  August  17th,  I  injected  into  the  peritoneum  of  hare  No.  8. 
the  parasites  from  two  A.  foetidie.  November  25th,  injected  in 
the  same  manner  the  parasites  from  six  A.  foetidse.  November 
30th,  hare  died  last  night,  four  and  one-half  days  after  the  last 
injection  and  104  days  from  the  first.  On  examination  find  well 
marked  peritonitis.  Sections  of  the  organs  showed  the  parasites 
of  Carcinoma.    The  spleen  especially  had  them  in  great  numbers. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  33 

On  June  5th,  1905,  I  prepared  a  culture  of  the  organisms 
from  L.  herculeus  by  cutting  up  a  worm  of  this  species  in  a  little 
water  and  smearing  this  over  the  under  side  of  a  cabbage  leaf 
growing  in  the  garden.  This  method  was  adopted  to  closely 
imitate  nature,  for  we  know  it  is  a  habit  of  earthworms  when 
feeding  on  plants  to  attack  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf  where 
the  stomata  of  the  plant  open.     In  the  beginning  of  this  paper 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  D.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y.  21 

I  proved  that  these  parasites  of  the  earthworm  passed  through 
the  orifices  of  their  skiu  when  they  crawled  over  the  surface  of 
any  object.  New  I  wished  to  see  if  I  could  produce  a  culture  in 
the  plant  sufficient  to  infect  an  animal.  The  leaf  was  left  on  the 
plant  until  July  10th,  when  it  was  removed,  carefully  washed 
and  cut  up  finely  in  distilled  water,  when  the  parasites  in  large 
numbers  came  out  as  shown  by  placing  a  drop  of  the  liquid  under 
the  microscope.  They  were  kept  in  a  test  tube  plugged  with 
cotton  until  used.  They  were  in  the  plant  thirty-five  days 
and  in  water  in  a  test  tube  thirty-eight  days.  On  August  17th, 
seventy-three  days  from  the  time  they  were  removed  from  the 
worm  an  hypodermic  syringe  full  of  this  culture  Avas  injected 
into  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  hare  No.  9,  four  weeks  old. 

September  7th,  hare  not  well,  seems  to  be  growing  poor. 
October  1st,  very  poor  and  weak,  looks  as  though  he  would 
die  very  soon.  Infection  has  certainly  taken  place.  November 
1st,  hare  much  better  now.  November  25th,  hart  now  seems  to 
have  completely  recovered  from  the  infection,  and  I  injested 
through  the  peritoneum,  the  parasites  from  a  fair  sized  L.  hercu- 
leus.  January  31st.  1906,  hare  died  last  niaht.  166  davs  from  the 
first  injection,  and  sixty-seven  days  from  the  last.  On  examina- 
tion I  found  necrosis  of  the  intestine,  commencing  about  eight 
inches  below  the  stomach,  and  extending  dowward  five  or  six 
iclfes.  The  intestine  was  very  dark  colored  and  sections  showed 
The  parasites  in  its  structure.  The  stomach  Avas  greatly  dilated. 
The  parasites  were  also  found  in  sections  of  the  lungs,  liver  and 
spleen. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  34 

On  October  1st,  I  injected  into  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  hare 
No.  10,  four  and  one-half  months  old.  the  parasites  from  two  A. 
foeticide.  October  5th,  abdomen  bloated  and  very  tender  on  press- 
ure. After  a  few  days  this  passed  off.  November  25th,  injected 
the  parasites  from  six  A.  foetidge  into  the  peritoneal  cavity.  De- 
cember 7th,  hare  died  last  night,  twelve  days  after  th  last  injec- 
tion, and  sixty-seven  days  after  the  first.  On  examination  I  find 
no  tumor,  but  plenty  of  the  parasites  of  carcinoma  in  sections  of 
the  liver,  spleen,  stomach  and  intestines.  There  were  many  Plim- 
mer's  bodies  in  various  stages  of  development. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  35 

On  October  1st,  1905,  I  injected  into  the  abdominal  cavity 
of  hare  No.   11,  four  and  one-half  months   old,   the  parasites 


22 CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

from  two  A.  foetidre.     October  5th,  hare's  abdomen  bloated  and 

very  tender  on  pressure.  November  25th,  mjected  organisms 
from  three  A.  foetid^e,  into  the  abdomen.  December  7th,  I  dis- 
covered a  bi-lobed  tumor,  under  the  skin  of  the  abdomen,  below 
the  left  foreleg.  December  22nd,  tumor  growing  quite  fast.  It  is 
now  about  one  and  one-fourth  inches  long  and  three-fourths  of  an 
Mnch  wide,  distinctly  bi-lobed  and  adherent  to  peritoneum.  De- 
cember 25th  hare  has  quite  a  cough  tonight.  Perhaps  parasites 
are  invading  lungs.  January  8th,  1906,  killed  hare  this  morning, 
and  find  the  tumor  situated  on  the  left  side  of  the  abdomen,  about 
half-way  between  the  fore  and  hind  legs.  It  is  a  tumor  of  the 
peritoneum,  starting  from  its  internal  surface,  its  has  grown 
through  and  projects  on  the  external  surface  next  the  skin  which 
is  not  involved  in  the  growth.  The  original  two  lobes  have 
coalesced.  The  tumor  is  solid  and  white  and  measures  one  and 
one-fourth  inches  in  length  by  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  width, 
and  the  same  in  thickness.  I  removed  the  lungs  liver,  spleen,  kid- 
neys and  several  nodules  in  the  abdomen.  There  is  metastasis 
to  the  liver,  several  small  white  nodules  being  found  on  its  sur- 
face which  on  section  proved  to  be  Cancer.  Sections  from  the 
tumor  were  sent  to  a  well-known  pathologist,  who  pronounced  it 
Carcinoma.  The  lungs,  liver  and  spleen,  contained  the  para- 
sites in  abundance.  Plenty  of  Plimmer's  bodies  in  different 
stages  of  growth  were  found. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  36 

On  December  24th,  1905,  I  injected  into  the  peritoneal  cavity 
of  hare  No.  12,  four  weeks  old,  the  parasites  from  one  A. 
fcetida.  March  4th,  1906,  injected  under  the  skin  the  parasites 
from  two  A.  foetidas.  July  1st,  fed  hare  the  parasites  from  four 
A.  foetidffi.  July  15th,  repeated  the  feeding  of  four  A.  foetidse. 
July  24th,  hare  getting  very  poor  and  weak,  and  I  killed  him. 
Found  no  tumors,  but  sections  of  the  lungs,  liver  and  spleen 
plainly  showed  the  parasites  of  Carcinoma. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  37 

On  December  2^h,  1905,  I  injected  into  the  peritoneal  cavity 
of  hare  No.  13,  four  weeks  old,  the  parasites  from  one  A.  fcetida. 
February  16th,  1906,  hare  died  this  morning.  He  was  very  poor 
and  weak  before  he  died  fifty-four  days  after  the  injection.  No 
tumors  found,  but  sections  of  different  organs  showed  the  para- 
sites of  Carcinoma. 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  D.>  BUFFALO,  N.  Y, 23 

EXPERIMENT  No.  38 

On  January  l-lth.  1906,  I  injected  into  the  peritoneal  cavity 
of  hare  No.  14.  six  weeks  old.  the  parasites  from  two  A. 
foetidge.  ]\Iarch  4th  I  injected  under  the  skin  the  parasites  from 
two  A.  foetidffi.  July  1st,  fed  hare  the  parasites  from  four  A. 
foetidge.  August  12th  injected  under  the  skin  a  syringeful  of 
parasites  from  several  A.  foetidte.  Hare  died  August  22nd,  220 
days  from  first,  and  ten  days  after  last  injection.  No  tumors 
found,  but  sections  of  lungs,  liver,  stomach  and  spleen,  showed 
the  parasites  of  Carcinoma. 

EXPERIMENTS  WITH  WHITE  MICE 

Procured  twenty-four  white  mice  and  placed  them  in  four 
cages,  six  in  each  cage.  I  fed  these  mice  oats  and  bread  and  gave 
them  milk  to  drink. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  39 

On  August  12th.  1906,  I  injected  under  the  skin  of  the  back 
in  front  of  the  tail  of  six  mice  in  cage  No.  1,  a  few  drops  of  a 
liquid  made  by  cutting  up  three  A.  foetidae,  in  a  small  quantity 
of  water.  August  13th,  one  of  the  mice  died.  He  was  probably 
injured  in  giving  him  the  injection.  September  9th,  repeated 
the  injection  in  the  remaining  five  mice.  September  10th,  found 
two  of  the  mice  dead.  No  tumors  discovered,  but  the  parasites 
were  found  in  sections  of  lungs  and  spleen.  October  14th,  two 
of  the  mice  show  well  marked  signs  of  infection.  One  has  a  small 
tumor  near  the  site  of  injection,  and  the  other  has  one  of  the 
hind  legs  anchylosed  at  the  hip  joint,  and  drawn  up,  with  the 
loss  of  hair  over  considerable  of  its  surface.  On  November  28th, 
I  fed  the  mice  the  parasites  from  several  A.  foetidae,  mixed  with 
corn  meal  and  milk.  Repeated  the  feeding  on  December  16th, 
December  29th  and  April  16th,  1907.  May  25th,  mouse  with  con- 
tracted hind  leg  died  today.  On  examination  I  find  loss  of  hair 
and  a  rough  thickened  skin  on  the  back  where  the  injection  was 
made;  the  left  hind  leg  anchylosed  at  the  hip  joint  and  a  well 
marked  tumor  at  the  base  of  the  penis.  Sections  from  the  skin 
on  the  back  and  from  the  tumor,  show  cancer  cells.  There  was 
also  a  nodule  under  the  skin  of  the  right  fore  leg,  which  on  section 
proved  to  be  Cancer.  One  of  the  remaining  mice  died  July  26th, 
and  the  last  September  2nd.  No  tumors  found.  One  of  these 
had  a  tumor,  but  it  disappeared  and  the  mouse  showed  no  signs 
of  it  when  he  died. 


24  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

EXPERIMENT  No.  40 

On  August  12tli.  1906.  injeetpcl  Tinder  the  skin,  in  front  of 
the  tail,  six  mice  in  cage  No.  2,  with  parasites  from  A.  fa'tidie. 
On  September  9th  repeated  the  injection  m  four  of  the  mise. 
One  of  them  has  a  small  tnmor  where  the  first  injection  was 
smade,  so  he  Avas  not  disturbed.  October  14th,  injected  five  mice 
with  a  number  of  drops  of  a  liquid  made  by  cutting  up  a  piece 
of  cabbage  leaf,  which  I  had  infected  over  one  month  before,  with 
the  parasites  from  A.  foetida.  This  leaf  was  dried  several  days 
and  then  broken  and  cut  up  in  a  glas^  dish  with  a  little  water, 
twenty  hours  before  being  used.  It  contained  plenty  of  parasites, 
Avhich  were  moving  about.  One  of  the  mice  in  this  cage  was  not 
injected,  for  he  is  well  infected,  having  one  hind  leg  anchylosed 
at  the  hip  joint  and  a  large  surface  frcm  which  the  hair  has 
disappeared,  leaving  the  skin  red.  swollen  and  ulcerated.  About 
three  weeks  after  the  first  injection  a  small  tumor  appeared 
where  this  was  given.  November  27th.  killed  this  mouse  and 
found  the  parasites  of  Carcinoma  in  the  lesion  on  the  thigh,  and 
genital  organs.  November  28th.  fed  the  mice  parasites  from 
several  A.  ffjetidcp.  in  corn  meal  and  milk.  December  7th,  mouse 
No.  2  died  today.  On  examination  I  found  a  bi-lobed  tumor 
in  the  abdomen.  It  grew  from  and  involved  the  rectum.  It  is 
a  hard  white  tumor,  degenerated  internally,  but  in  its  outer  cir- 
cumference many  cancer  cells  are  found.  December  10th  fed 
the  mice  parasites  as  before  and  repeated  the  feeding  on  Decem- 
ber 29th.  March  16th.  1907.  founcl  one  of  the  mice,  No.  -S.  w^as 
dead.  This  mouse  has  had  for  six  or  seven  weeks  a  growth  involv- 
ing the  penis.  It  has  grown  very  slowly.  On  opening  the  abdo- 
men I  found  a  nodule  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  only  n-regular  in 
shape.  It  was  in  the  pelvic  cavity  and  around  the  urethra, 
whose  passage  was  blocked  so  no  urine  could  pass.  The  bladder 
was  dilated  to  its  fullest  extent,  passing  up  into  the  abdominal 
cavity.  There  was  also  a  hydatid  cyst  in  the  liver.  Sections  of 
the  tumor,  within  and  without  the  pelvic  cavity,  show  it  to  be  a 
new  growth  and  clearly  Carcinoma. 

One  of  the  other  mice  had  a  tumor  in  the  abdominal  wall, 
which  grew  for  several  weeks,  ])ut  on  ]\Iarch  25th  I  noticed  it 
was  smaller,  and  it  continued  to  diminish  in  size,  so  that  soon 
after  April  10th  it  had  disappeared.  April  16th  repeated  the 
feeding.  April  30th  mouse  No.  4  four  died  this  morning.  For  sev- 
eral hours  before  he  died  there  was  a  discharge  of  pus  and  blood 
from  his  bowels.  Examination  disclosed  a  tumor  on  the  right 
side  of  the  pelvic  cavity  extending  to  and  involving  the  rectum. 


By  H.  D>  WALKER  M.  P.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 25 

Sections  from  this  tumor  show  it  to  be  Carcinoma.  ^lay  21st 
mouse  No.  5  rliecl  today.  I  found  two  small  nodules  in  the  pel- 
vie  cavity,  which  I  removed  together  with  the  rectum.  One  of 
them  showed  cancer  cells,  as  also  did  the  rectum.  June  7th 
mouse  No.  6  died  today.  Found  a  tumor  in  the  pelvic  cavitv. 
Avhich  had  been  causing  a  hemorrhage  from  the  bowels.  This 
tumor  was  mostly  degenerated,  but  in  the  outer  parts  of  it  I 
found  Cancer  cells.  June  25th  repeated  the  feeding  of  the  mice 
as  before.  July  16th  mouse  No.  7  died  today.  On  examina- 
tion I  find  nothing  abnormal  except  a  large  echinococcus  cyst  in 
the  liver,  Avhich  may  have  caused  death. 

October  3rd,  mouse  No.  8  died  today.  I  found  a  large 
echinococcus  cyst  in  the  liver,  and  also  a  portion  of  diseased  skin 
on  the  back  and  a  small  nodule  in  the  intestine,  both  of  which 
showed  the  parasites  of  Carcinoma.  December  3rd  fed  the  four 
mice  remaining  in  the  cage  the  organisms  from  A.  foetida.  Feb- 
ruary 21th,  1908,  killed  the  mice.  The  examination  of  three  of 
them  was  negative.  The  fourth  one,  mouse  No.  9,  had  a  nodule 
with  an  open  ulcer  on  his  left  fore  leg  near  the  body.  It  had 
been  growing  for  several  weeks.  Sections  from  this  clearly 
showed  it  to  be  Carcinoma. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  41 

On  August  12th,  1906,  I  injected  under  the  skin  of  the  back 
of  six  mice  in  cage  3  some  of  the  parasites  from  A.  foetida. 
which  had  been  boiled  in  a  test  tube  with  distilled  water  one  hour. 
I  had  previously  determined  that  one  hour's  boiling  did  not 
seem  to  kill  them.  They  had  every  appearance  of  being  alive, 
and  they  moved  about  about  on  the  l3ottom  of  a  watch  glass  many 
days  after  the  boiling. 

The  importance  of  this  experiment  will  readily  be  seen,  for 
if  boiling  one  hour  does  not  kill  these  parasites  then  vegetables, 
which  contain  them,  even  though  boiled,  could  not  be  eaten  with- 
out danger  of  infection.  September  15th  one  of  the  mice  died 
today.  No  tumors  found.  September  19th  discovered  well- 
marked  tumors  in  two  of  the  mice.  They  were  under  the  skin 
where  the  injection  was  made. 

October  28th  I  injected  the  mice  which  were  not  infected 
before  with  the  parasites  from  A.  foetida,  which  had  been  boiled 
one  hour.  November  28th  fed  the  mice  the  parasites  from  A. 
foetida  by  patting  them  in  eornmeal  and  milk.  They  had  been 
boiled  one  hour.  December  16th  repeated  the  feeding.  The 
tumors  under  the  skin  in  the  two  mice  have  disappeared. 
Repeated  the  feeding  on  December  29th  and  January  12th,  1907. 


26 CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

In  addition  to  the  five  old  mice  there  are  now  twelve  young 
ones  in  the  cage.  March  25th  one  of  the  mice,  No.  2,  died  last 
night.  No  tiunors  discovered,  but  some  of  the  parasites  were 
found  in  sections.  IMay  17th  mouse  No.  3  died  today.  This 
mouse  had  a  small  tumor  inthe  abdomen,  which  showed  the  Can- 
cer parasites.  May  29th,  mouse  No.  4  died  today.  No  tumors 
found.  June  8th  mouse  No.  5  died  today.  The  skin  of  the 
back  where  the  injection  was  made  was  thoroughly  diseased.  In 
this  were  found  numerous  alveoli contaiuingwell-marked  Cancer 
cells.  June  27th  mouse  No.  6  died  today.  There  was  a  white 
nodule  in  the  liver,  which  contained  Cancer  cells.  July  1st  mouse 
No.  7  died.  The  skin  of  the  back  where  the  injection  was  made 
was  extensively  diseased  and  contained  Cancer  cells.  July  21st 
mouse  No.  8  died.  Found  the  skin  thickened  and  diseased  on 
the  back  where  the  injection  was  given.  This  condition  extended 
down  the  hind  legs.  Sections  from  these  parts  showed  Cancer 
cells.  Mouse  No.  9  died  July  26th.  Found  well-marked  Cancer 
cells  in  the  diseased  portion  of  the  back  where  the  injection  was 
made.  August  26th  mouse  No.  10  died  today.  For  a  few  days 
before  death  the  respiration  was  accompanied  by  a  squeaking 
sound.  On  examination  I  found  a  greatly  enlarged  thyroid 
gland,  which  pressed  against  the  trachea.  In  this  gland  and  also 
in  the  liver  many  Plimmer's  parasites  were  found.  No  tumors 
could  be  discovered. 

]\Iouse  No.  11  died  October  20th,  no  tumors,  but  parasites 
found  in  different  organs.  December  5th  mouse  No.  12  died. 
No  tumors  found.  The  balance  of  the  mice  in  the  cage,  numbers 
13,  14,  15,  16  and  17  were  killed  February  24th,  and  con- 
tained no  tumors. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  42 

On  August  28th,  1906,  I  injected  under  the  skin  of  the  back 
of  six  white  mice  in  cage  No.  4  the  parasites  from  a  large  L. 
herculeus.  September  23d  found  one  of  the  mice  dead.  No 
tumors  discovered.  October  14th  I  injected  as  before  the  para- 
sites of  L.  herculeus  from  a  cabbage  leaf  which  had  been  infected 
one  month.  The  green  leaf  was  cut  up  finely  in  distilled  water 
and  left  twenty  hours  before  being  injected.  Under  the  micro- 
scope the  organisms  could  be  plainly  seen.  October  28th  repeated 
the  injection  with  the  organisms  from  the  worm.  November  28th 
and  December  16th  fed  the  mice  the  organisms  mixed  with  corn- 
meal  and  milk.  December  27th  mouse  No.  2  dead.  On  exam- 
ination I  found  the  rectum  closed  by  a  growth  and  the  bowel 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  D.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y.  27 

above  dilated  to  its  fullest  extent  by  foeces.  Sections  were  made 
from  this  growth  and  submitted  to  a  well-known  pathologist,  who 
pronounced  it  a  tumor  of  the  bowel,  and  he  believed  it  to  be  of  a 
Sarcomatous  type.  December  29th  and  January  12th,  1907, 
repeated  the  feeding  as  before.  February  21st  found  one  of  the 
young  mice,  No.  3,  dead.  There  was  an  irregular,  ragged, 
white,  bony  growth  in  the  pelvic  cavity  surrounded  by  an 
effusion  of  blood.     Sections  showed  this  to  be  Sarcoma. 

]\rarch  4th  found  another  j^oung  mouse,  No.  4,  dead.  No 
tumors  found.  March  20th  mouse  No.  5  dead.  No  tumors 
found.  April  18th  repeated  the  feeding  of  the  mice.  May  13th 
mouse  No.  six  dead.  Found  one  of  the  abdominal  glands  infil- 
tered  with  spindle  celled  Sarcoma.  June  18th  mouse  No.  7 
dead.  This  mouse  before  death  passed  considerable  pus  from  the 
boAvels.  On  examinations  I  found  a  well-marked  Sarcomatous 
tumor  in  the  pelvic  cavity.  July  18th  repeated  the  feeding  of  the 
mice.  July  25th  mouse  No.  8  dead.  No  tumors  found.  July 
27th  mouse  No.  9  died  today.  There  was  a  well-marked  round 
and  spindle  celled  Saracomatous  tumor  in  the  pelvic  cavity. 
August  4th  mouse  No.  ten  died  today.  Left  lung  lighter  colored 
than  normal,  dilated  to  its  fullest  extent  and  hardened.  Cells  of 
Sarcoma  were  found  through  its  structure,  also  in  the'  kidney, 
and  a  nodule  in  the  abdomen.  This  is  a  well-marked  case  of 
Sarcoma.  September  23d  mouse  No.  11  dead.  No  tumors 
found.  December  23d  mouse  No.  12  died  today.  Found  a 
small  tumor  of  the  duodenum  which  was  a  Sarcoma.  February 
14th  mouse  No.  13  died  today.  Removed  a  small  nodule 
from  the  tail  where  I  broke  it  down  several  weeks  ago  to  see  if 
the  parasites  would  locate  there  after  the  injury.  There  were 
several  alveoli  of  Sarcoma  cells  in  this  nodule.  They  were  also 
found  in  the  kidney  and  a  small  nodule  of  Sarcoma  in  the  abdo- 
men. The  three  nice  remaining  in  this  cage  were  killed  February 
24th  and  no  tumors  found. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  43 

On  November  4th,  1906,  I  injected  the  organisms  from  sev- 
eral A.  fcetidas  under  the  skin  of  the  back  in  six  young  mice  in 
cage  No.  5.  On  November  28th  they  were  fed  the  parasites 
mixed  with  cornmeal  and  milk.  Repeated  the  feeding  on  Decem- 
ber 16th  and  December  29th.  February  17th,  1907,  I  injected 
the  parasites  in  water  into  the  peritoneal  cavity  .  April  16th 
repeated  the  feeding  as  before.  April  17th  one  of  the  mice  dead. 
No  tumors  found.     May  26th  mouse  No.  2  dead.     The  skin  of 


28  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

the  back  where  the  mjection  was  made  was  rough,  thickened  and 
partly  devoid  of  hair.  Sections  made  from  this  showed  well- 
marked  Cancer  cells.  June  2d  mouse  No.  3  died  last  night.  No 
tumors  found.  June  25th  repeated  the  feeding  of  parasites. 
October  13th  mouse  No.  4  died  today.  No  tumors  found.  Janu- 
Si-i^y  16thy  1908,  mouse  No.  5  died  today.  No  tumors  found.  Feb- 
ruary 10th  mouse  No.  6  died  today.    No  tumors. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  44 

On  November  11th,  1906,  I  injected  the  parasites  from  sev- 
eral A.  foetida?  under  the  skin  of  the  back  of  six  young  mice  in 
cage  No.  6.  November  28tli  fed  them  the  parasites  in  cornmeal 
and  milk.  Repeated  the  feeding  December  16th  and  December 
29th.  On  February  17th,  1907,  injected  the  parasites  into  the 
peritoneal  cavity.  February  18th  one  of  the  mice  dead.  No 
tumors.     Presumably  died  from  injury  during  the  injection. 

April  3d  mouse  No.  2  dead.  No  tumors.  April  4th  mouse 
No.  3  dead.  No  tumors  found.  April  5th  mouse  No.  4  dead. 
No  tumors.  April  16th  and  June  25th  repeated  the  feeding  of  A. 
fcetida.  December  2d  mouse  No.  5  died  today.  No  tumors. 
February  2d,  1908,  mouse  No.  6,  last  one  in  the  cage,  died  today 
and  no  tumors  found. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  45 

On  November  28th,  1906,  I  fed  seven  mice  in  Cage  No.  7 
the  parasites  prepared  in  the  usual  way  from  A.  profuga.  Re- 
peated the  feeding  on  December  16th,  January  3d,  1907,  and  Jan- 
uary 12th.  On  March  3d  I  injected  the  parasites  of  A.  profuga 
into  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  the  seven  mice. 

March  27th  mouse  No.  1  died.  The  rectum  was  occluded 
by  a  growth  and  the  large  intestine  was  greatly  distended  with 
foeces.  The  large  lobe  of  the  liver  was  much  lighter  colored  than 
normal  and  also  greatly  hardened.  On  section  the  epithelial  cells 
of  the  rectum  are  found  to  contain  many  large  oval-shaped  cells 
of  the  parasites. 

These  parasites  are  much  different  from  those  of  Carcinpma, 
or  small,  round  and  spindle  celled  Sarcoma.  They  are  Jbelieved 
to  be  a  species  of  Sarcoma.  April  16th  fed  the  six  mice  A.  profuga 
as  before.  June  25th  repeated  the  feeding  of  the  mice,  now  fif- 
teen in  number.  July  15th  again  fed  them.  August  25th  mouse 
No.  2  died  this  morning.  There  was  a  nodule  in  the  tail  where  I 
had  broken  it  down  several  weeks  ago  to  see  if  any  of  the  para- 
sites would  locate  at  the  injured  part.     That  they  did  so  was 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  P.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y.  29 

evident  from  finding  several  alveoli  containing  them.     The  lung 
was  also  degenerated  and  contained  cells  of  the  parasite. 

August  25th  injected  the  parasites  from  A.  profuga  into  the 
peritoneal  cavity  of  twelve  mice  in  this  cage.  Five  of  these  mice 
died  at  different  times,  the  remaining  seven  were  killed  February 
24th.     No  tumors  were  found  in  any  of  them. 

EXPERIMENT  No,  46 

On  November  28th,  1906,  fed  twelve  mice  in  cage  No.  8  in 
the  usual  way  parasites  from  A.  fojtidse.  Repeated  the  feeding  on 
December  16th  and  December  29th.  February  17th,  1907, 
injected  the  parasites  from  A.  fcetidse  into  the  peritoneal  cavity  of 
the  twelve  mice.  February  18th  one  mouse  died  today.  Supposed 
to  have  been  injured  in  giving  the  injection.  April  16th  fed  the 
mice  in  the  usual  manner  the  parasites  from  A.  fcetidas.  June 
14th  mouse  No.  two  died  today.  Right  lung  lighter  color  than  nor- 
mal, dilated  and  hardened.  On  section  it  is  found  degenerated 
and  contains  many  of  the  parasites  of  Carcinoma.  June  25th 
repeated  the  feeding  of  the  mice.  September  6th  mouse  No.  three 
died  today.  I  found  a  tumor  in  the  abdomen,  the  inner  portions 
of  which  were  degenerated,  but  the  outer  circumference  con- 
tained the  cells  of  Carcinoma,  as  also  did  sections  of  the  spleen. 

September  18th  mouse  No.  4  died  today.  No  tumors  found, 
but  plenty  of  the  young  parasites  in  the  form  of  Plimmer's 
bodies  in  the  stomach,  liver  and  lungs.  The  liver,  stomach,  spleen 
and  kidnej^s  were  thoroughly  adherent  to  each  other.  October 
30th  mouse  No.  5  died  today.  No  tumors.  A  few  of  the  para- 
sites were  found  in  the  lungs,  liver  and  kidney.  November  5th 
mouse  No.  6  died  today.  Found  a  well-marked  tumor  of  the 
penis,  which  on  examination  proved  to  be  Cancer,  and  Cancer 
cells  were  found  also  in  the  kidney,  liver  and  lungs.  November 
15th  mouse  No.  7  died  today.  No  tumors.  November  17th 
mouse  No.  8  dead.    No  tumors. 

December  3d  fed  mice  parasites  from  A.  foetidag  the  usual 
way.  December  7th  mouse  No.  9  died  today.  No  tumors,  only 
an  echinococcus  eyst  of  the  liver  found.  December  25th  mouse 
No.  10  died  today.  No  tumors,  only  another  echinococcus  cyst  of 
liver  present.  February  24th  killed  the  two  remaining  mice  in 
this  cage.    No  tumors  found. 

The  mice  in  cages  5,  6,  7,  and  8  were  young  mice  and 
these  experiments  plainly  show  that  young  mice  are  much  less 
susceptible  to  malignant  disease  than  those  which  are  older.  There 
is  also  another  point  worthy  of  notice — that  is,  that  five  of  the 


30  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

mice  T\-hich  were  fed  A.  foetida  developed  eehinococeus  cysts, 
showing  that  this  species  of  earthworm  is  a  bearer  of  this  para- 
site. I  have  also  observed  the  taenia  eehinococeus  in  sections  of 
this  worm.  None  of  the  animals  fed  other  species  of  earthworms 
showed  any  signs  of  hydatid  disease.  I  believe  I  have  seen  this 
spoken  of  elsewhere,  but  cannot  recall  where  it  w^as  noted.  It 
would  seem  to  me  quite  probable  that  the  earthworm  may  be  one 
of  the  means  of  spreading  the  hydatid  disease  by  taking  in  the 
parasite  which  has  been  deposited  on  the  ground  by  the  dog  and 
other  animals  in  their  foeces  and  conveying  it  to  grass  and  other 
vegetables  upon  which  they  are  feeding.  The  herbivora  and  per- 
haps man  would  be  infected  if  they  ate  these  vegetables.  Fowls 
and  other  birds  would  also  contract  the  disease  by  eating  earth- 
worms containing  the  parasite. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  47 

On  October  17th,  1907,  I  injected  into  the  peritoneal  cavity 
of  pig  No.  1  new^  series,  two  hypodermic  syringes  full  of  a  liquid 
made  by  boiling  in  distilled  water  in  a  test  tube  one  hour,  part 
of  a  cabbage  leaf  finely  cut  which  was  infected  on  July  23d, 
eighty-five  days  before,  by  smearing  the  under  side  of  cabbage 
leaf  growing  in  the  garden  with  a  liquid  made  by  cutting  up 
some  A.  fcetidge  in  w^ater.  This  leaf  was  boiled  fourteen  hours 
before  using  the  liquid.  Pig  No.  2  received  at  the  same  time  one 
syringe  full  of  this  liquid  in  the  abdomen.  October  21st  No.  1 
comatose  this  morning  and  died  about  11  a.  m.  four  days  after 
the  injection.  Smears  from  the  abdominal  cavity  stained  with 
carbol-fuchsin  and  H.  &  E.  showed  plenty  of  the  parasites  in 
the  ameboid  form. 

November  5th  pig  No.  2  died  today,  nineteen  days  after 
the  injection.  The  parasites  were  found  in  sections  of  the  organs 
and  in  smears  from  the  abdominal  cavity. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  48 

On  October  17th,  1907,  I  injected  into  the  peritoneal  cavity 
of  pigs  No.  3  and  4  one  syringe  full  of  a  liquid  made  by  boiling 
in  distilled  water  in  a  test  tube  one  hour,  part  of  a  cabbage  leaf 
infected  eighty-five  days  before  by  the  parasites  of  L.  herculeus, 
as  in  the  preceding  experiment,  and  kept  over  night.  Pig  No.  3 
died  November  1st,  fifteen  days  after  injection.  Pig  No.  4  died 
October  31st,  fourteen  days  after  the  injection.  The  parasites 
were  found  in  both  pigs  in  smears  from  the  abdominal  cavity  and 
in  sections  of  the  different  organs.  They  were  in  the  ameboid 
form. 


By  H.  D>  WALKER  M.  P.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y, 3J 

These  experiments  with  these  four  pigs  confirm  Experiment 
No.  41,  in  which  the  mice  in  cage  three  were  fed  and  injected 
with  the  parasites  from  A.  foetidse  which  had  been  boiled  in  water 
one  hour. 

Together  they  furnish  very  strong  evidence  that  it  is  unsafe 
to  eat  boiled  vegetables,  which  contain  the  parasites  of  Cancer 
and  Sarcoma. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  49 

November  list,  1907,  fed  pig  No.  5  a  dried  cabbage  leaf, 
•some  of  the  leaves  of  the  cabbage  of  which  had  been  infected  fifty 
days  before  they  were  dried  with  the  parasites  from  A.  foetidae. 
These  leaves  had  not  themselves  been  directly  infected,  but  were 
believed  to  contain  the  parasites  carried  into  them  by  the  cir- 
culation of  the  plant  from  other  leaves  which  had  been  infected. 
November  10th  and  11th  repeated  the  feeding.  Pig  died  Decem- 
ber 3d,  thirty-three  days  after  the  first  feeding.  No  tumors  found, 
but  the  ameboid  forms  of  the  parasite  are  seen  in  the  blood  and 
in  sections  of  the  lungs. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  50 

November  1st,  1907,  fed  pig  No.  6  a  dried  cabbage  leaf, 
which  was  infected  eighty-five  days  before  it  was  picked  by  the 
parasites  from  L.  hereculeus.  This  pig  died  November  9th,  eight 
days  after  infection.  No  tumors,  but  parasites  were  found, 
especially  in  the  lungs  in  the  ameboid  form. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  51 

November  1st  fed  pig  No.  7  a  dried  cabbage  leaf  infected 
eighty-five  days  before  it  was  dried  with  the -parasites  from  A. 
profuga.  Pig  died  November  9th,  eight  days  after  infection.  No 
tumors  found,  but  the  parasites  in  the  ameboid  form  were  present 
in  different  organs  and  in  the  blood. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  52 

On  July  23d,  1907,  I  cut  into  small  pieces  a  number  of  A. 
foetidse  after  placing  them  in  a  small  quantity  of  distilled  water 
in  a  glass  dish.  I  also  did  the  same  with  a  number  of  A.  profuga 
and  L.  herculeus.  Three  young  cabbages  in  the  garden  were 
marked  by  driving  a  piece  of  board  into  the  ground  by  their  side 
with  the  name  of  the  worm  used  for  infection  upon  it.  Six 
leaves  of  one  upon  the  under  side  were  smeared  with  material 


32 CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

from  A.  foetidge,  six  of  another  with  that  of  A.  profuga  and  the 
same  number  of  the  third  with  material  from  L.  herculeus.  A 
colored  string  was  tied  loosely  around  the  base  of  each  of  the 
leaves,  so  there  could  be  no  mistake  in  identifying  them. 

From  fifty  to  eighty-five  days  after  the  treatment  of  the 
leaves,  portions  of  them  which  plainly  showed  they  were  diseased, 
were  removed,  passed  through  alcohols  of  different  strength,  in  the 
same  manner  as  animal  tissues  and  embedded  in  paraffin.  Sec- 
tions were  made  from  these  and  stained  with  haematoxylin  and 
eosin,  carbol-fuchsin,  polychrome  methylene  blue,  thionin  and 
Giemsa's  stain.  These  showed  plainly  the  parasites  in  the  leaves. 
Some  of  these  leaves  were  also  placed  in  the  stains  while  fresh 
left  in  them  for  twelve  hours,  and  then  passed  through  alco- 
hol and  embedded.  Some  of  these  leaves  show  the  parasites  in 
fair-sized  ameba  forms,  others  as  very  small  nuclei  scattered 
through  the  structure  of  the  leaves.  These  are  the  leaves  which 
contained  the  parasites  which  were  used  in  the  experiments  on 
the  animals  just  related. 

DIAGNOSIS  OF  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA,  BY  THE 
EXAMINATION  OF  THE  BLOOD 

In  many  cases  of  internal  tumors  it  is  of  vital  importance 
to  know  whether  they  are  of  a  malignant  or  benign  nature.  We 
believe  that  in  all  eases  of  advanced  malignant  disease  and  also 
in  many  eases  in  its  incipient  stage  this  can  be  determined  by 
finding  the  parasites  in  the  blood.  The  method  is  simple.  A 
slight  puncture  of  the  finger  or  ear  is  made  and  a  small  portion 
of  blood  is  put  up  in  a  cell  with  a  little  water.  The  cell  is  made 
with  white  zinc  cement  on  a  turn  table  and  is  sealed  after  the 
cover  glass  is  put  on  with  the  same  material.  In  this  way  the 
specimen  is  permanently  preserved  and  can  be  examined  at  leis- 
ure. If  the  tumor  is  external  it  wiU  be  better  to  puncture  it 
and  take  the  blood  directly  from  it  for  examination.  In  case 
the  tumor  has  opened  up  the  discharge  from  it  had  better  be 
examined.  In  the  case  of  a  Sarcoma  of  the  breast  I  put  up  .4ome 
of  the  discharge  which  exuded  from  the  open  surface  of  the 
tumor,  and  in  this  I  found  some  of  the  spore  sacs  of  the  parasite, 
which  were  exactly  like  those  I  have  seen  in  the  earthworm  an 
hundred  times.  The  young  parasites  extended  from  the  external 
surface  of  the  spore  sac  and  were  in  active  vibration,  just  as 
they  are  in  the  earthworm.  Two  hours  afterward  these  were 
found  thrown  off  and  were  lying  around  the  spore  sac.  Photo- 
graphs taken  in  both  of  these  stages  are  shown  in  this  paper  and 


BY  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  D„  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 33 

afford  convincing  proof  that  the  organism  in  malignant  disease 
and  that  in  the  earthworm  are  one  and  the  same.  Moreover,  it 
establishes  another  truth,  and  that  is  that  there  is  a  sexual  stage 
through  which  the  parasite  is  propagated  in  man.  The  parasite 
in  the  blood  is  generally  seen  in  its  round  or  ameboid  form  and 
resembles  globules  of  fat.  It  is  also  found  in  the  discharges  from 
cancer  in  the  form  of  spore  sac^s.  We  believe  these  organisms 
may  be  present  in  the  blood  of  many  persons  for  a  long  time 
and  not  develop  into  a  tumor  unless  they  sustain  some  injury  or 
become  weak  and  exhausted  from  some  other  disease.  If  they 
sustain  an  injury  the  blood  vessels  may  be  occluded  at  the  part 
injured  and  the  parasites  being  stopped  here  increase  in  the  part 
and  form  a  tumor.  This  we  believe  readily  accounts  for  cancer 
of  the  cervix  from  lacerations,  cancer  of  the  rectum  from  irrita- 
tion of  hardened  foeces,  of  the  breast  from  external  injuries  and 
of  the  lip  from  smoking  a  pipe. 

CANCER  IN  FISH 

That  fish  may  have  cancer  has  been  demonstrated  by  keep- 
ing them  in  an  acquarium  and  feeding  them  earthworms.  These 
fish  generally  died  in  from  four  to  six  weeks  and  the  parasites  of 
cancer  were  found  throughout  their  organs.  Whether  there  is  any 
danger  from  eating  fish  or  fowls  which  have  fed  upon  earth- 
worms is  a  point  which  has  not  been  investigated.  This  subject 
is  certainly  worthy  of  attention. 

THE  MANNER  IN  WHICH  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 
ARE  PROPAGATED 

This  is  a  very  important  question,  for  upon  its  solution 
depends  all  our  efforts  to  prevent  these  terrible  diseases. 

The  foregoing  experiments  have  been  conducted  for  the 
most  part  by  taking  the  parasites  directly  from  their  Original 
Hosts  and  feeding  them  to  or  injecting  them  into  the  animals 
experimenting  upon. 

In  some  instances  their  intermediate  Hosts,  the  leaves  of 
vegetables  and  grass,  haA^e  been  used  to  infect  animals,  and  the 
result  has  been  the  same.  Poultry  and  birds  of  many  kinds  are 
apparently  immune,  for  if  they  were  not  many  species  of  these 
which  feed  on  earthworms  would  soon  become  extinct.  The 
reason  for  this  immunity  I  have  not  investigated. 

The  result  of  our  work  shows  that  man  and  the  herbivorous 
animals  generally  contract  malignant  disease  from  eating  vege- 
tables which  are  infected  by  earthworms  crawling  over  them 


34  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

and  leaving  the  parasites  of  Cancer  and  Sarcoma  upon  their  sur- 
face. ThCvSe  soon  enter  into  the  interior  of  the  leaf,  and  when 
the  infected  vegetables  are  eaten  the  parasites  are  scattered 
through  the  system  ready  to  enter  on  their  work  of  destruction. 
Our  experiments  also  indicate  that  boiling  the  parasites,  or 
vegetables  containing  them,  one  hour  does  not  kill  them.  Fur- 
ther investigation  along  this  line  should  be  made  on  account  of 
its  great  importance.  It  would  seem  reasonable  that  that  the 
carnivorous  animals  contract  malignant  disease  from  eating  dead 
animals,  or  meat  lying  upon,  or  in  the  ground  which  has  been 
infected  by  earthworms,  which  have  also  been  feeding  upon  it. 
We  have  cited  authorities  in  the  first  part  of  this  paper  showing 
that  earthworms  are  very  fond  of  meat. 


Description   of   the  Hosts  which   Contain   the  Parasites,  which 

Cause  Carcinoma,  Round  and  Spindle-Celled  Sarcoma,  and 

Another  Parasite  which  Produces  a  Species  of  Sarcoma. 

The  group  of  animals  to  which  these  Hosts  belong  is  called 
the  Chietopoda  or  Bristle  Worms.  This  group  embraces  four 
different  orders,  namely:  the  Archiannelida,  Polychteta,  ^lyzos- 
tomaria  and  the  Oligochaeta,  which  last  named  order  contains 
the  Hosts  in  which  we  are  interested.  The  Oligochgeta  are 
divided  into  two  groups,  namely:  Microdrila  and  Megadrila. 

These  comprise  many  families,  and  I  find  in  F.  E.  Bed- 
dard's  JMonograph  on  the  Oligochieta,  published  in  1895,  that 
667  species  of  these  worms  are  recorded.  Many  others  have  since 
been  identified  and  placed  on  record.  All  countries  as  far  as 
known  contain  some  species  of  these  worms.  Their  habitat  varies 
greatly ;  some  are  terrestrial,  live  in  the  soil,  others  flourish  in 
fresh  water  lakes  and  rivers  and  still  others  are  marine,  living 
especially  on  the  shores  of  the  ocean. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  group  of  animals  which  harbor 
the  parasites  belonging  to  the  family  which  produces  Cancer  and 
Sarcoma  are  everywhere  present.  They  clearly  account  for  the 
fact  that  the  fish  of  the  ocean  and  of  fresh  water  lakes  and 
rivers  all  fall  victims  to  malignant  disease. 

The  worms  in  which  we  are  particularly  interested  belong 
to  the  group  ^legadrili  and  the  family  Lurabricidoe.  This  fam- 
ily contains  three  genera,  namely:  Allurus,  Allolobophora  and 
Lumbricus. 


By  H.  D,  WALKER  M.  D.>  BUFFALO,  N,  Y. 35 

Our  experiments  were  conducted  with  those  belonging  to 
Allolobophora  and  Lumbricus.  The  first  contains  Allolobophora 
foetida,  which  we  have  found  to  be  the  Host  of  the  parasite  pro- 
ducing Carcinoma,  and  Allolobophora  profuga  the  Host  of  a 
parasite  which  produces  a  disease  belonging  to  the  Sarcoma. 

Lumbricus  contains  Lumbricus  herculeus,  which  harbors  the 
parasite  which  produces  small  round  and  spindle  celled  Sarcoma. 
These  parasites  have  been  used  to  infect  animals  many  times,  as 
before  related  in  this  paper,  and  when  malignant  tumors  were 
produced  they  were  of  the  type  indicated  above.  I  have  never 
examined  an  earthworm  which  did  not  contain  parasites  belong- 
ing to  this  family,  and  it  is  not  improbable  none  such  are  found. 
The  description  of  the  three  earthworms  with  which  the  most  of 
our  experiments  were  made  is  taken  from  F.  E.  Beddard's  Mono- 
graph, and  is  as  follows : 

ALLOLOBOPHORA  FOETIDA 

This  Avorm  is  described  as  being  ninety  m.m.  in  length ; 
breadth  four  m.m.,  number  of  segments  105.  Clitellum  XXV. 
XXVII-XXXII.  Setfe,  strictly  paired.  First  dorsal  pore,  IV/V. 
Tubercula  pubertatis  XXVIII-XXXL  Spermathecse,  two  pairs 
in  IX,  X  opening  posteriorly,  very  dorsal  in  position. 

Habitat : — Europe,  America,  Asia,  &c.  (universally  dis- 
tributed). This  species  has  a  very  characteristic  coloration;  the 
ground  color  is  a  flesh  tint  marked  in  each  segment  by  a  ring  of 
purplish  color. 

They  flourish  abundantly  in  manure  heaps  and  rich  gar- 
dens, to  which  they  are  often  conveyed  by  the  manure  used  to 
enrich  the  soil. 

This  is  the  Host  of  the  parasites  which  cause^_  Carcinoma, 
and  it  is  very  significant  that  this  is  the  only  worm  in  the  Mono- 
graph which  is  described  as  being  universally  distributed.  This 
worm  has  a  very  strong,  disagreeable  odor  which  I  believe  is 
caused  by  the  parasites  and  may  account  for  the  peculiar  odor  of 
Carcinoma. 

LUMBRICUS  HERCULEUS 

This  is  the  large  earth  worm  M'hich  is  commonly  used  in 
biological  work,  and  is  described  as  being  360  m  m  in  length, 
number  of  segments  180.  Clitellum  XXXII— XXXVII,  Tuber- 
cula pubertatis,  XXXIII— XXXVI.  Fir.st  dorsal  pore,  VII/- 
VIII.  ]\Iale  pores  conspicuous.  Habitat :  Northern  Europe, 
North  America,  Siberia.  This  is  the  Host  of  small,  round  and 
spindle-celled  Sarcoma. 


36  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

ALLOLOBOPHORA  PROFUGA 

This  species  is  very  abundant  in  New  York  State  and  is 
generally  larger  than  described  by  Beddard.  It  is  the  Host  of 
a  parasite  which  produces  in  animals  a  malignant  growth  belong- 
ing to  the  Sarcomatous  group.  Perhaps  this  is  large,  round- 
celled  Sarcoma.     It  is  described  as  follows : 

Length  about  sixty  mm  (often  double  that  length  here). 
Diameter  three  mm.  Number  of  segments  165.  Clitellum  XXX — 
XXXV.  Tubercula  pubertatis  XXXI— XXXIV.  Spermathe- 
ae  two  pairs  in  X,XI,  open  in  line  with  third  setae  between  IX/X, 
X/XI.  First  dorsal  pore,  X/Xl,  or  XI/XII.  Habitat:  Italy, 
Germany,  Spain,  Argentine,  and  I  will  add  America. 

LIFE  HISTORY  OF  THE  PARASITES 

These  parasites  belong  to  the  lowest  class  in  the  Animal 
Kingdom,  are  composed  of  a  single  cell  and  known  as  the  Pro- 
tozoa. The  Protozoa  are  found  everywhere  in  nature,  in  the 
soil,  fresh  water  lakes  and  rivers,  and  the  ocean.  They  are 
divided  into  four  groups :  the  Sarcodina,  Mastigophora,  Infusoria 
and  Sporozoa.  The  parasites  which  we  are  now  considering 
belong  to  a  family  heretofore  undescribed  in  that  large  group, 
the  Sporozoa.  In  Lankester's  treatise  on  zoology  I  find  it  stated 
that  ' '  The  Sporozoa  are  a  group  of  exclusively  parasitic  Protozoa 
of  very  widespread  occurrence,  infesting  the  internal  organs  or 
tissues  of  animals  belonging  to  almost  all  classes  and  orders  of 
Celomate  Metazoa.  There  is  perhaps  no  species  of  annelid,  mol- 
lusc, arthropod  or  vertebrate,  which  is  not  liable  to  be  become 
the  host  of  some  kind  of  sporozoan  parasite,  at  any  rate,  in  cer- 
tain localities,  while  many  animals  harbor  several  species  of  these 
intruders  at  the  same  time.  Moreover,  in  some  cases,  as  for 
instance,  that  of  the  common  earthworm  or  the  mealworm, 
scarcely  an  individual  can  be  found  which  does  not  contain  more 
or  fewer  of  its  particular  form  of  sporozoan  parasite."  The 
life  history  of  these  parasites,  like  others  of  the  sporozoa,  is  very 
complicated.  Two  methods  of  reproduction  take  place  within 
the  earthworm.  The  sexual  and  asexual.  No  other  intermediate 
animal  is  necessary  for  the  perpetuation  of  the  species.  Man  and 
the  various  animals  which  they  destroy  are  accidental  Hosts — 
that  is,  they  play  no  necessary  part  in  the  life  history  of  these 
parasites  or  their  dissemination.  Their  life  cycle,  like  many  of 
the  Sporozoa,  is  digenetic — that  is,  it  is  differentiated  into  two 
distinct  generations  or  stages  of  generation,  the  sexual  and 
asexual,  as  stated  above. 


By  H,  D.  WALKER  M.  D.>  BUFFALO,  N,  Y. 37 

The  asexual  stage  in  the  Sporozoa  is  generally  said  to  be 
endogenous  or  self-infective  and  only  serves  to  increase  the  num- 
ber of  parasites  within  its  Host.  The  sexual  or  exogenous  stage 
usually  serves  to  spread  the  infection  amongst  new  hosts.  From 
my  observation  on  these  Parasites  of  the  earthworm  I  believe 
they  differ  in  one  respect  from  some  of  the  other  sporozoa.  This 
is  in  regard  to  the  endogenous  method  of  reproduction.  From 
my  study  of  this  stage  it  seems  highly  probable  that  it  not  only 
serves  as  a  method  of  self-infection,  but  also  of  disseminating  the 
parasites  and  spreading  them  abroad  to  infect  other  animals  and 
plants. 

The  life  history  of  these  parasites  as  I  have  worked  it  out 
is  as  follows :  The  earthworm  takes  in  the  parasite  in  its  food, 
it  passes  into  the  intestinal  canal  where  it  is  seen  in  a  round  or 
oval  form,  containing  several  small  nuclei.  From  here  it  enters 
into  the  intestinal  epithelial  cells,  where  it  becomes  elongated  to 
adapt  itself  to  the  cell.  It  passes  through  these  epithelial  cells, 
the  vascular  layer,  circular  and  longitudinal  muscles  into  the 
outer  layer  of  cells  surrounding  the  intestine  which  is  repre- 
sented by  the  peritoneal  epithelium.  When  it  arrives  here  the 
nuclei  have  undergone  fragmentation  into  many  minute  round 
cells,  which  distending  the  peritoneal  epithelium  have  been 
known  as  the  chlorogogue  or  chlorogogen  layer. 

The  parasite  as  it  is  taken  into  the  intestinal  canal  is  called 
a  Sporozoite.  When  it  enters  the  intestinal  epithelium  it  absorbs 
nourishment  from  its  host  and  grows  rapidly.  This  is  called  the 
tropic  stage  and  the  parasite  a  trophozoite.  After  completing  its 
passage  through  the  intestinal  wall  into  the  peritoneal  epithelium 
division  of  the  nuclei,  or  fragmentation  having  taken  place  just 
before  it  reaches  the  peritoneal  cavity,  it  is  composed  of  many 
very  small  cells.  This  process,  which  is  called  schizogony,  leads 
to  the  increase  of  parasites  within  the  host. 

The  result  of  my  investigation  of  the  small  cells  which  form 
the  chlorogogen  layer  leads  me  to  believe  there  are  two  ways,  in 
either  one  of  which  their  further  development  may  take  place. 

FIRST :  Some  of  these  very  small  cells  are  surrounded  by 
a  layer  of  protoplasm.  They  increase  in  size,  division  of  the 
nucleus  takes  place  and  they  form  what  has  been  called  a  mero- 
zoit — very  similar  to  the  sporozoits.  These  pass  through  the 
body  cavity  of  the  earthworm,  increasing  the  number  of  para- 
sites within  the  host. 

I  believe  they  also  pass  out  through  the  orifices  of  the  skin 
of  the  earthworm  and  are  distributed  wherever  the  earthworm 
happens  to  be. 


38  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

IN  THE  SECOND  PLACE :  Some  of  these  cells  pass  along 
the  celiac  cavity  of  the  earthworm  until  they  arrive  in  the 
seminal  vesicles.  Here  seems  to  be  the  natural  place  for  their 
sexual  development.  Some  of  these  sexual  cells  (or  gametes  as 
they  are  called)  increase  in  size  and  develop  into  the  female  cell 
or  macrogamete,  others  into  the  male  cell  or  microgamete. 
The  female  cell  develops  and  a  ■  pronucleus  is  formed 
which  approaches  the  surface  of  the  cell,  which  often  becomes 
somewhat  drawn  out  or  pointed  at  this  place.  The  male 
gametes  each  develop  a  large  number  of  microgametes, 
w^hich  before  they  become  free  project  from  the  cir- 
cular sperm  sac  of  the  microgamete  and  are  seen  to  be  in  con- 
stant vibration.  When  they  become  free  they  seek  out  and 
unite  with  the  pronucleus  of  the  female  cell.  The  result  of  this 
union  is  the  formation  of  sporozoites. 

The  number  of  spororoites  resulting  from  the  union  of  a 
male  and  female  cell  is  eight  (8)  and  its  multiples  sixteen — 
thirty-two  (16 — 32)  &c.  The  seminal  vesicles  of  the  earthworm 
are  seen  to  be  filled  with  these  parasites  in  the  different  stages  of 
their  sexual  development.  I  believe  the  sporozoites  here,  like 
the  merozoites  before  described,  pass  out  through  the  orifices  in 
the  skin  and  are  distributed  by  the  earthworm  along  its  path. 
There  is  another  point  here  which  is  worthy  of  notice.  That 
is  that  what  has  for  many  years  been  taken  and  accepted  as 
spermatozoa  of  the  earth^^tjrm  itself  in  what  has  been  called 
the  seminal  vesicles  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  the  micro- 
gametes  or  male  elements  of  this  parasite. 

WHY  IS  CANCER  INCREASING  SO  RAPIDLY  AS 
STATISTICS  SEEM  TO  PROVE  > 

The  reasons  for  this  are  two-fold.  FIRST:  Earthworms 
are  very  much  more  abundant  in  old  countries  which  have  been 
settled  for  a  long  time.  They  seem  to  increase  in  the  soil  which 
is  under  cultivation.  SECOND :  The  greater  amount  of  vege- 
tables, such  as  cabbage,  lettuce,  celery,  etc.,  which  are  eaten  at 
the  present  time  and  which  we  have  proved  contain  the  para- 
sites, causing  this  disease. 

MEANS  OF  PREVENTING  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

The  greatest  benefit  to  be  derived  from  the  study  of  medi- 
cine is  the  prevention  of  disease.  "When  we  know  its  origin  and 
cause,  as  in  the  present  case,  our  chances  for  preventing  it  are 
vastly  increased.    I  believe  the  evidence  I  have  presented  shows 


By  H.  D.  WALKER  M.  D.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y.  39 

very  clearly  that  the  parasites  of  malignant  disease  live  in  dif- 
ferent species  of  the  earthworm  and  are  conveyed  to  man  and 
animals  through  the  vegetables  they  eat  which  are  infected  by 
these  parasites.  Must  we,  then,  stop  eating  such  kinds  of  vegeta- 
bles in  order  to  obtain  immunity?  Not  necessarily.  There  are 
some  parts  of  the  country  where  the  soil  is  dry  and  sandy,  as  in 
Florida,  where  earthworms  are  rarely  found.  Vegetables  grow- 
ing in  these  places  would  stand  small  chances  of  being  infected. 
I  wish  here  to  state  two  propositions  which  I  believe  will  be  found 
to  be  correct :  No  earthivornis,  no  cancer.  Plenty  of  earthworms, 
plenty  of  cancer.  To  show  these  propositions  are  correct  I  find  in 
the  third  census  of  the  State  of  Florida  taken  in  the  year  1905 
that  there  are  forty-six  counties  in  that  State.  Twenty-four  of 
these  counties  with  a  population  of  208,733  had  a  mortality  of 
807.  None  of  these  deaths  were  from  cancer.  In  the  remaining 
counties  there  were  sixty-six  deaths  from  cancer.  How  many  of 
these,  if  any,  had  been  permanent  residents  of  Florida  I  do  not 
know.  Many  go  do'v^ai  there  to  live  from  the  Northern  States  and 
may  have  been  infected  before  they  went  there.  I  have  talked 
with  some  of  the  old  physicians  of  Florida,  who  claimed  they  had 
never  known  in  their  practice  any  of  the  permanent  inhabitants 
of  Florida  to  have  cancer.  It  is  certainly  very  uncommon  in  that 
State.  Compare  this  with  the  mortality  in  Western  New  York 
where  earthworms  are  plenty.  In  the  census  of  1907  in  Buf- 
falo one  death  in  twenty-one  was  from  cancer.  In  Rochester  one 
out  of  eighteen  died  from  this  disease.  Jamestown  one  in  fifteen. 
Ithaca  one  in  fourteen. 

There  is  also  another  way  to  prevent  malignant  disease, 
although  this  involves  a  great  amount  of  labor.  It  is  to  destroy 
the  earthworms  in  the  soil  and  the  vegetables  growing  where 
this  is  done  will  be  free  from  the  parasites.  This  can  be  accom- 
plished in  small  gardens  without  very  much  outlay,  but  large 
fields  would  of  course  involve  greater  labor. 

In  my  work  on  the  ' '  Gape  Worm  of  Fowls ' '  I  made  a  series 
of  experiments  in  regard  to  the  destruction  of  earthworms  in 
the  soil.  In  these  experiments  three  (3)  different  substances 
were  employed,  namely:  Lime,  common  salt  (chloride  of 
sodium)  and  wood  ashes.  The  experiments  which  are  applicable 
here  are  as  follows : 

EXPERIMENT  No.  I 

An  earthworm  just  dug  and  with  the  dirt  still  adhering  to 
it  was  thrown  into  dry  lime  which  had  been  slacked  for  several 


40  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

weeks.     At  the  end  of  twelve  minutes  it  was  dead.     Doubtless 
fresh  lime  would  have  killed  it  much  quicker. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  2 

An  earthworm  w^as  thrown  into  lime  w^ater.  In  seven 
minutes  it  ceased  to  move. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  3 

An  earthworm  was  placed  in  a  solution  of  common  salt 
having  the  strength  of  one-fourth  pound  to  the  gallon  of  water. 
In  six  minutes  it  was  dead. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  4 

An  earthworm  placed  in  salt  solution  of  the  strength  of 
one  pound  to  the  gallon  of  w^ater  lived  three  minutes. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  5 

An  earthworm  thrown  on  dry  salt  ceased  to  move  in  some- 
what less  than  three  minutes. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  6 

An  earthworm  thrown  on  dry  wood  ashes  lived  about  twelve 
(12)   minutes. 

EXPERIMENT  No.  7 

An  earthworm  placed  in  lye  made  by  pouring  warm  water 
on  wood  ashes  and  letting  it  stand  one  hour,  the  proportion  being 
one-half  pound  of  ashes  to  one  gallon  of  water.  The  earthworm 
ceased  to  move  in  three  minutes. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  lime,  salt  and  ashes  are  all  effective  in 
destroying  the  earthworm.  They  can  be  spread  over  the  ground 
or  used  in  solution.  If  only  a  small  plot  of  ground  is  to  be 
treated  a  solution  of  salt,  of  one  or  two  pounds  to  the  gallon  of 
water,  can  be  sprinkled  over  the  surface  in  sufficient  quantity 
so  it  will  penetrate  some  distance  below.  The  earthworms 
which  come  in  contact  with  the  solution  will  immediately  come 
to  the  surface  and  die. 

I  will  recapitulate  the  various  points  I  believe  are  estab- 
lished in  this  investigation : 

FIB8T.  That  malignant  diseases  are  caused  by  different 
sjiecies  of  parasites  heretofore  unknown  and  belonging  probably 
to  the  sporozoa. 


By  H.  P.  WALKER,  M-  D.>  BUFFALO,  N-  Y. 41 

SECOND.  That  the  earth  worm  is  the  Original  Host  of 
the  parasites  which  produce  malignant  tumors. 

THIRD.  That  the  earthworm  Allolobophora  foetida  is  the 
host  of  the  parasite  which  produces  Carcinoma. 

FOUBTH.  That  the  earthworm  Lumbricus  herculeus  is 
the  host  of  the  parasite  which  produces  small,  round  and  spin- 
dle-celled Sarcoma. 

FIFTH.  That  Allolobophora  profuga  and  probably  other 
kinds  of  earthworms  contain  different  species  of  parasites 
belonging  to  the  same  family  and  perhaps  produce  other  varie- 
ties of  malignant  disease. 

SIXTH.  That  the  intermediate  hosts  of  these  parasites 
are  various  kinds  of  vegetables,  the  leaves  of  which  are  infected 
by  earthworms  crawling  over  their  surface  when  feeding  upon 
them.  I  would  say  here  it  is  possible  that  the  parasites  may 
also  be  taken  from  the  ground  into  the  circulation  of  the  plants 
through  their  roots. 

SEVENTH.  That  man  and  the  herbivorous  animals  con- 
tract malignant  disease  by  eating  these  infected  vegetables. 

EIGHTH.  It  is  probable  that  carnivorous  animals  contract 
malignant  disease  by  eating  dead  animals,  or  meat  lying  upon, 
or  in  the  ground  which  has  been  infected  by  earthworms  crawl- 
ing over  them.  The  above  points,  except  the  last,  have  been 
proven  by  experiments  on  many  animals  in  which  malignant 
tumors  were  produced. 

NINTH.  That  boiling  these  parasites  or  the  vegetables 
containing  them  one  hour  does  not  kill  the  spores  and  therefore 
it  is  unsafe  to  use  boiled  vegetables  which  are  infected  by  these 
parasites. 

TENTH.  That  in  those  portions  of  the  country  where 
earthworms  are  rarely  found  the  permanent  inhabitants  rarely 
or  never  have  cancer. 

ELEVENTH.  That  lime,  salt,  or  wood  ashes  can  be  used 
to  destroy  the  earthworm  and  thus  prevent  the  infection  of 
vegetables,  through  the  eating  of  which  Cancer  and  Sarcoma  are 
produced. 

EXPERIMENTS  MADE  FOR  THE  PURPOSE  OF  FIND- 
ING A  CURE  FOR  MALIGNANT  DISEASE 

After  a  long  series  of  experiments  upon  the  parasites  in 
the  earthworm  with  different  compounds,  I  finally  discovered  a 
preparation  which  readily  kills  these  parasites,  as  demonstrated 
under  the  microscope,  and  can  be  taken    by    persons    without 


42  CANCER  AND  SARCOMA 

injury  and  I  believe  this  passes  into  the  blood  when  taken  inter- 
nally. Experiments  are  now  being  made  on  156  persons  suf- 
fering with  cancer  and  sarcoma  and  they  show  the  curative  effects 
of  this  remedy  in  many  of  these  cases.  Cancerous  tumors 
of  years  standing,  are  passing  away;  the  sharp,  lancinating  pains 
ar-e  disappearing;  the  sleep  is  improving,  and  their  genefal 
health  is  much  better.  Not  one  of  the  cases  applying  for  treat- 
ment, even  the  most  hopeless,  has  been  refused.  As  a  conse- 
quence of  this  a  number  of  deaths  have  occurred,  some  within 
forty-eight  hours,  others  at  a  longer  period  after  beginning  the 
use  of  the  medicine.  Several  of  these  were  from  complications 
which  arose  during  the  progress  of  the  cancer.  The  subjects  of 
cancer,  when  the  patient  knows  the  disease  he  is  afflicted  with, 
are  often  in  a  most  deplorable  state  of  mind,  for  cancer  is  gen- 
erally believed  to  mean  sure  death  to  the  one  who  has  it,  at  no 
very  distant  period.  For  this  reason,  when  I  see  any  chance  for 
the  patient's  recovery,  I  have  encouraged  them  to  hope  for  the 
best  and  have  given  them  a  short  history  of  cases  that  seemed 
hopeless,  but  were  improving  under  treatment.  This  places  the 
patient's  mind,  and  through  their, mind  the  body,  in  much  bet- 
ter condition  to  digest  and  assimilate  their  food  and  to  promote 
rest  of  body  and  mind.  This  psychotherapy,  as  it  may  be  called, 
has  been  used  by  every  intelligent  physician  from  time  imme- 
morial in  an  indirect  way,  perhaps,  but  has  of  late  years  been 
brought  more  prominently  before  the  profession.  That  it  has 
a  beneficial  effect  upon  the  patient  there  can  be  no  doubt,  but  it 
is  incredible  that  it  could  have  any  direct  effect  in  the  removal  of 
cancerous  tumors.  It  is  too  early  to  say  anything  definite  as  to 
a  permanent  cure,  for  it  is  only  in  its  experimental  stage,  but 
the  outlook  is  very  promising. 

CONCLUSION 

In  view  of  the  terrible  loss  of  life  and  suffering  caused  by 
malignant  disease,  I  deem  it  my  duty  to  present  this  paper  to 
the  medical  profession,  so  they  may  take  up  the  work  and  give 
their  verdict  upon  it. 

If  I  am  correct,  all  this  suffering  and  death  can  be  entirely 
prevented  by  refraining  from  eating  vegetables,  such  as  cahhage, 
celery,  lettuce,  onions,  &c.,  or  whatever  else  may  hereafter  be 
found  to  be  infected  by  these  parasites. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

SHOWING  THE 
ORIGINAL  HOSTS 
OF  THE  PARA- 
SITES WHICH  PRO- 
DUCE CANCER  AND 
SARCOMA»  ALSO 
THE  PARASITES 
THEMSELVES  AND 
THE  TUMORS 
THEY    PRODUCE. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


45 


Figtire  No.  I 


Allolobophora  foetida.     The  Earthworm  which  contains  the  parasites  which 
cause  Carcinoma. 


Figfore  No.  2 

Lunibricus  herculeus.     The  Earthworm  which  contains  the  parasites  which 
cause  small  round  and  Spindle-celled  Sarcoma. 


Figure  No,  3 

Allolobophora  profuga.  The  Earthworm  which  contains  parasites  which 
cause  malignant  tumors  believed  to  belong  to  ihe  Sarcoma,— perhaps  large  round 
celled  Sarcoma. 


Figure  No,  4 

Parasites  of  Carcinoma  from  A.  foetida.     Stain   H.  and  E.     500  diameters. 


Figure 
No.  5 


Parasites  of  Round  and  Spindle-celled  Sarcoma  from   L.  herculeus.     Stain 
H.  and  E.     500  diameters. 


Figure 
No.  6 


Parasites  from  A.  profuga,  believed  to  be  the  cause  of  a  species  of  Sarcoma. 
Stain  H.  and  E.     500  diameters. 


Figure  No*  7 

Section  of 
Seminal  vesicle 
of  L.  herculeus 
showing  parasites 
in  Sexual  Stage. 
Stain  H.  and  E. 
200  diameters. 


FigftJfe 
No.  8 


Transverse  Section  of  Lumbricus  herculeus  showing  parasites  passing 
through  the  epithelial  cells  of  the  intestine  into  the  celom.  On  the  outer  surface 
of  the  intestine  are  seen  the  small  cells  of  the  parasites  after  Schizogony  has 
taken  place  and  they  have  passed  through  the  intestinal  wall.  These  merozoites 
are  collected  in  masses  here  and  this  is  what  has  been  called  the  chlorogogue 
layer.  Outside  of  there  masses  of  cells  are  seen,  many  cells  of  the  parasite  in 
which  considerable  development  has  taken  place.     H.  and  E.     200  diameters. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


49 


Figure  No.  9 

Parasites  from   Smear  of  A.  foetida,  Sexual  Stage  showing  Microgametes. 
Macrogametes  and  cluster   of    Sporozoites    in    process 
H.  and  E.     375  diameters. 


of    development.     Slain 


Figure  No.  JO 

Parasites  from  Smear  of  L.  herculeus   Sexual  Stage  showing  Microgametes, 
Macrogametes  and  Sporozoites.     Stain  H.  and  E.     375  diameters. 


*^" 


■<:■  Si: 

i 


Figure  No,  H 

Parasites  from  smear  of  L.  hercules  Sexual  Stage  Showing  Microgametes. 
Macrogametes  and  Sporozoites  in  different  stages  of  development.  Stain. H.  and  E, 
220  diameters. 


Figure  No.  12 

Culture  of  parasites  of  A.  foetida  in  cell  with  water  and  pieces  of  grass  taken 
five  years  and  seven  months  after  being  put  up.  Note  division  and  endogenous 
cell  formation.     200  diameters. 


Figure 
No.  J  3 


Parasites  of  A.  foetida  from  cabbage  leaf  infected  by  smearing  under  side  of 
leaf  with  the  worms  cut  up  in  water.  This  growing  cabbage  leaf  was  left  fifty 
days  then  picked  and  well  washed,  cut  up  in  water  and  boiled  in  a  test  tube  one 
hoar.  Some  of  this  liquid  was  put  up  in  a  cell  and  after  325  days  photograph 
taken  showing  the  parasites  in  ameboid  and  round  forms.     15  diameters. 


Figure 
No.  14 


Cabbage  leaf  infected  by  A.  foetida  fifty  days.  Sections  from  leaf  stained 
with  polychrome  methylene  blue  and  photograph  taken  showing  parasites. 
500  diameters. 


Figure 
No«  15 


Parasites  of  L.  herculeus  from  infected  cabbage  leaf  after  eighty-five  days. 
Cabbage  leaf  boiled  one  hour  and  liquid  put  in  cell  in  slide  and  photograph  taken 
after  being  in  slide  210  days.     200  diameters. 


Figure 
No.  16 


Scrapings  of  cancer  put  up  in  cell  with  water  and  photographed.     Parasites 
in  round  and  ameboid  forms.     200  diameters. 


Figure 
No.  17 


Parasites  from  cancer  of  breast  kept  at  110°  Fahr  for  twenty-four  hours  then 
put  up  in  a  cell  with  water  and  photographed  after  six  years.  Note  endogenous 
cell  formation.     200  diameters. 


Figfure 
No.  J  8 


Parasites  from  blood  of  ear  of  Pig  25  eighteen  days  before  he  was  killed. 
This  pig  was  infected  by  parasites  from  A.  foetida  and  then  fed  green  grass  which 
seemed  to  render  him  immune.     200  diameters. 


Figfwre 
No.  19 


Smear    from    abdominal  cavity  of  Pig  1,  Series  2.  Pig  died   four   days 

after  receiving  one  dram  of  liquid  from  a  cabbage  leaf  cut  up  in  water.  This 
cabbage  leaf  had  been  infected  with  parasites  from  A.  fcetida  eighty-five  days 
before  being  used  and  was  boiled  one  hour  before  injection.  Parasites  in  ameboid 
form.     Stain  carbol-fuchsin.     200  diameters. 

Figure 
No.  20 


Smear  from  abdominal  cavity  of  pig  4,  Series  2.  Pig  di°d  fourteen  days 
after  receiving  one-half  dram  of  liquid  from  a  cabbage  leaf  cut  up  in  water.  This 
cabbage  leaf  had  been  infected  with  parasites  from  L  herculeus  eighty-five  days 
before  being  used  and  was  boiled  one  hour  before  injection.  Parasites  in  ameboid 
form.     Stain  carbol-fuchsin.     200  diameters 


Figfttre  No.  21 

Parasites  from  tumor  under  skin  of  Dog  3,  sixty-five  days  after  injecting 
parasites  from  A.  fceiida  under  the  skin  wkere  the  tumor  was  formed.  Stain 
H.  and  E.     600  diameters. 


Figute  No.  22 


Section  from  tumor  of  Jiver  of  Hare  5.       Adeno-Sarcoraa.      Stain  If.  and  E. 
200  diameters. 


Figftire 
No.  25 


Section  from  tumor  of  peritoneum  Hare  11.     Carcinoma.     Stain  H.  and  E. 
200  diameters. 


Figfure 
No.  24 


Tumor  of  the  rectum  in  mouse  2  cage  2.  This  was  a  bilobed  tumor  which 
obstructed  the  rectum  and  killed  the  mouse  which  was  infected  by  the  parasites 
from  A.  foetida,  Carcinoma.     Stain  H.  and  E.     200  diameters. 


Figure 
No.  25 


Carcinoma  of  skin  of  back  of  Mouse  9  cage  three.  This  mouse  was  infected 
hv  ])arasites  from  A.  foetida  which  had  been  boiled  one  hour.  H.  and  E.  200 
didmeters. 


Figfure 
No.  26 


Spore  cyst  from  the  discharge  in  a  case  of  Sarcoma  of  the  breast.  Spores 
around  the  surface  of  cyst  were  in  active  vibration.  I  have  seen  them  exactly  like 
this  one  in  the  Earthworm  many  times.     200  diameters. 


Figfore 
No.  27 


Spore  cyst  in  Figure  No.  36  taker,  two  hours  afterwards.  The  position  of 
the  spore  cyst  was  not  changed  tinder  the  microscope  and  the  photograph  shows 
many  of  the  spores  liberated  from  the  cyst.  They  are  in  the  ameba  form. 
These  photographs  were  taken  May  18th,  1909.  At  this  date  September  18th, 
1909,  four  months  afterward  the  ameba  are  seen  around  the  cyst-and  they  have 
increased  greatly  in  size,  some  of  them  being  five  or  six  times  as  large  as  when 
the  photographs  were  taken.     200  diameters. 

Figure 
No.  28 


Ameba  form  of  parasite  from  the  blood  of  finger  of  a  woman  who  has  had 
cancer  for  the  six  years.  This  is  the  largest  ameba  form  I  have  ever  seen  in  the 
blood.     Note  the  budding  process  taking  place.     200  diameters. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


59 


Figure  No.  29 

Parasites  from  blood  of  case  of  epithelioma  of  lip  of  two  years  duration. 
The  blood  was  taken  directly  from  the  tumor.  Note  several  of  the  cells  of  the 
parasites  are  dividing. 


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